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luckylinux

Well-Known Member
Mar 18, 2012
1,820
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Something is wonky because it should not be that slow, I will assume you have done full drive tests on the 7300 Max's and you have tuned the ZFS dataset and record sizes to it's optimal configuration for the workload. Outside of an impending drive failure or free space being extremely low it should be much faster.
I didn't do a full drive test, just basically installed Proxmox VE on it. The Micron 7300 had 1PB written on it though (it was a steal, thanks for @ca3y6 again).

Did you mean smart self-test of like fio ?

Impending Drive failure with 4 different Drives of 2 Brands/Models :rolleyes: ?

I thought that maybe ASPM is interfering with Performance, that could definitively be (and on the Hyve EPYC Server I wouldn't be surprised if PCIe auto-negotiation is SUPER wonky), but that seems to be alright:
Code:
root@pve:~# sudo lspci -s 81:00.0 -vvv | grep -E "LnkCap|LnkCtl|LnkSta"
        LnkCap:    Port #0, Speed 8GT/s, Width x4, ASPM not supported
        LnkCtl:    ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes, LnkDisable- CommClk+
        LnkSta:    Speed 8GT/s, Width x4
        LnkCap2: Supported Link Speeds: 2.5-8GT/s, Crosslink- Retimer- 2Retimers- DRS-
        LnkCtl2: Target Link Speed: 8GT/s, EnterCompliance- SpeedDis-
        LnkSta2: Current De-emphasis Level: -6dB, EqualizationComplete+ EqualizationPhase1+
        LnkCtl3: LnkEquIntrruptEn- PerformEqu-

root@pve:~# sudo lspci -s c2:00.0 -vvv | grep -E "LnkCap|LnkCtl|LnkSta"
        LnkCap:    Port #0, Speed 8GT/s, Width x4, ASPM not supported
        LnkCtl:    ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes, LnkDisable- CommClk+
        LnkSta:    Speed 8GT/s, Width x4
        LnkCap2: Supported Link Speeds: 2.5-8GT/s, Crosslink- Retimer- 2Retimers- DRS-
        LnkCtl2: Target Link Speed: 8GT/s, EnterCompliance- SpeedDis-
        LnkSta2: Current De-emphasis Level: -6dB, EqualizationComplete+ EqualizationPhase1+
        LnkCtl3: LnkEquIntrruptEn- PerformEqu-
Should be PCIe 3.0 x4.

Sector Size:
Code:
root@pve:~# sudo nvme id-ns -H /dev/nvme0n1 | grep -E "LBA Format |Relative Performance"
  [6:5] : 0    Most significant 2 bits of Current LBA Format Selected
  [3:0] : 0    Least significant 4 bits of Current LBA Format Selected
LBA Format  0 : Metadata Size: 0   bytes - Data Size: 512 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best (in use)
LBA Format  1 : Metadata Size: 0   bytes - Data Size: 4096 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
LBA Format  2 : Metadata Size: 8   bytes - Data Size: 512 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
LBA Format  3 : Metadata Size: 8   bytes - Data Size: 4096 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
LBA Format  4 : Metadata Size: 64  bytes - Data Size: 4096 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
root@pve:~# sudo nvme id-ns -H /dev/nvme1n1 | grep -E "LBA Format |Relative Performance"
  [6:5] : 0    Most significant 2 bits of Current LBA Format Selected
  [3:0] : 0    Least significant 4 bits of Current LBA Format Selected
LBA Format  0 : Metadata Size: 0   bytes - Data Size: 512 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best (in use)
LBA Format  1 : Metadata Size: 0   bytes - Data Size: 4096 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
LBA Format  2 : Metadata Size: 8   bytes - Data Size: 512 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
LBA Format  3 : Metadata Size: 8   bytes - Data Size: 4096 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
LBA Format  4 : Metadata Size: 64  bytes - Data Size: 4096 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
Quick fio test with very bad Performance:
Code:
root@pve:~# fio --time_based --runtime=30 --ramp_time=5 --ioengine=io_uring --direct=1 \
--size=2G --filename=/testfile.fio --stonewall \
--name=SEQ1M_Q8T1 --bs=1m --rw=readwrite --iodepth=8 --numjobs=1 \
--name=SEQ1M_Q1T1 --bs=1m --rw=readwrite --iodepth=1 --numjobs=1 \
--name=RND4K_Q32T16 --bs=4k --rw=randrw --iodepth=32 --numjobs=16 \
--name=RND4K_Q1T1 --bs=4k --rw=randrw --iodepth=1 --numjobs=1
SEQ1M_Q8T1: (g=0): rw=rw, bs=(R) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (W) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (T) 1024KiB-1024KiB, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=8
SEQ1M_Q1T1: (g=1): rw=rw, bs=(R) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (W) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (T) 1024KiB-1024KiB, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=1
RND4K_Q32T16: (g=2): rw=randrw, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=32
...
RND4K_Q1T1: (g=3): rw=randrw, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=1
fio-3.39
Starting 19 processes
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [_(18),m(1)][20.7%][r=452KiB/s,w=440KiB/s][r=113,w=110 IOPS][eta 09m:00s]             
SEQ1M_Q8T1: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3664122: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=207, BW=207MiB/s (217MB/s)(6222MiB/30034msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1885, max=30800, avg=5537.07, stdev=1875.48
    clat (usec): min=1065, max=130075, avg=3672.11, stdev=7562.67
     lat (usec): min=1069, max=130081, avg=3677.65, stdev=7562.73
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[  1221],  5.00th=[  1352], 10.00th=[  1450], 20.00th=[  1614],
     | 30.00th=[  1778], 40.00th=[  1942], 50.00th=[  2147], 60.00th=[  2376],
     | 70.00th=[  2737], 80.00th=[  3228], 90.00th=[  4113], 95.00th=[  4883],
     | 99.00th=[ 44827], 99.50th=[ 49546], 99.90th=[ 65799], 99.95th=[ 92799],
     | 99.99th=[130548]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=147751, max=319488, per=100.00%, avg=212509.13, stdev=32473.74, samples=60
   iops        : min=  144, max=  312, avg=207.40, stdev=31.71, samples=60
  write: IOPS=206, BW=207MiB/s (217MB/s)(6224MiB/30034msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=19, max=633, avg=46.01, stdev=15.23
    clat (usec): min=5162, max=63420, avg=34889.68, stdev=5556.12
     lat (usec): min=5213, max=63467, avg=34935.69, stdev=5555.36
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[14091],  5.00th=[25297], 10.00th=[28967], 20.00th=[31589],
     | 30.00th=[33162], 40.00th=[34866], 50.00th=[35390], 60.00th=[36439],
     | 70.00th=[38011], 80.00th=[39584], 90.00th=[40633], 95.00th=[42730],
     | 99.00th=[43779], 99.50th=[43779], 99.90th=[44303], 99.95th=[50070],
     | 99.99th=[63177]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=186368, max=231424, per=100.00%, avg=212308.03, stdev=12528.14, samples=60
   iops        : min=  182, max=  226, avg=207.20, stdev=12.21, samples=60
  lat (msec)   : 2=21.59%, 4=22.97%, 10=4.04%, 20=1.33%, 50=49.86%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.25%, 250=0.02%
  cpu          : usr=1.13%, sys=0.82%, ctx=12486, majf=0, minf=1077
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=100.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=6222,6217,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=8
SEQ1M_Q1T1: (groupid=1, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3665476: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=117, BW=118MiB/s (124MB/s)(3536MiB/30003msec)
    slat (nsec): min=2794, max=29823, avg=6396.77, stdev=2163.23
    clat (usec): min=1083, max=104943, avg=3652.46, stdev=7789.39
     lat (usec): min=1087, max=104948, avg=3658.85, stdev=7789.26
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[  1188],  5.00th=[  1287], 10.00th=[  1369], 20.00th=[  1500],
     | 30.00th=[  1631], 40.00th=[  1745], 50.00th=[  1909], 60.00th=[  2114],
     | 70.00th=[  2376], 80.00th=[  2769], 90.00th=[  3621], 95.00th=[  5080],
     | 99.00th=[ 40633], 99.50th=[ 45876], 99.90th=[ 84411], 99.95th=[ 91751],
     | 99.99th=[105382]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=63488, max=161792, per=100.00%, avg=120730.18, stdev=23058.20, samples=60
   iops        : min=   62, max=  158, avg=117.83, stdev=22.51, samples=60
  write: IOPS=121, BW=122MiB/s (128MB/s)(3660MiB/30003msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=12292, max=89468, avg=42617.62, stdev=8771.97
    clat (usec): min=4253, max=6125, avg=4609.41, stdev=313.60
     lat (usec): min=4292, max=6160, avg=4652.03, stdev=314.27
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 4293],  5.00th=[ 4293], 10.00th=[ 4359], 20.00th=[ 4359],
     | 30.00th=[ 4359], 40.00th=[ 4424], 50.00th=[ 4424], 60.00th=[ 4490],
     | 70.00th=[ 5014], 80.00th=[ 5014], 90.00th=[ 5080], 95.00th=[ 5080],
     | 99.00th=[ 5145], 99.50th=[ 5145], 99.90th=[ 5800], 99.95th=[ 6128],
     | 99.99th=[ 6128]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=79872, max=167936, per=100.00%, avg=124966.12, stdev=23560.99, samples=60
   iops        : min=   78, max=  164, avg=121.97, stdev=22.99, samples=60
  lat (msec)   : 2=26.81%, 4=18.58%, 10=52.40%, 20=0.04%, 50=1.96%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.19%, 250=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=0.66%, sys=0.52%, ctx=7198, majf=0, minf=47
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=3536,3660,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666586: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3499, BW=13.7MiB/s (14.3MB/s)(411MiB/30045msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=357593, avg=5745.67, stdev=3845.16
    clat (nsec): min=1956, max=171199k, avg=214165.86, stdev=2469893.77
     lat (usec): min=16, max=171204, avg=219.91, stdev=2469.91
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    38], 20.00th=[    44],
     | 30.00th=[    50], 40.00th=[    58], 50.00th=[    71], 60.00th=[    88],
     | 70.00th=[   111], 80.00th=[   135], 90.00th=[   169], 95.00th=[   245],
     | 99.00th=[  2507], 99.50th=[  4080], 99.90th=[ 17957], 99.95th=[ 74974],
     | 99.99th=[113771]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3264, max=44168, per=6.40%, avg=14016.98, stdev=9429.80, samples=60
   iops        : min=  816, max=11042, avg=3504.12, stdev=2357.50, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3485, BW=13.6MiB/s (14.3MB/s)(409MiB/30045msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=394, avg= 6.17, stdev= 3.70
    clat (usec): min=478, max=187077, avg=8946.35, stdev=14988.80
     lat (usec): min=485, max=187083, avg=8952.52, stdev=14988.79
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   725],  5.00th=[   988], 10.00th=[  1500], 20.00th=[  2442],
     | 30.00th=[  2999], 40.00th=[  3458], 50.00th=[  3916], 60.00th=[  5014],
     | 70.00th=[  7242], 80.00th=[ 12387], 90.00th=[ 20317], 95.00th=[ 26084],
     | 99.00th=[ 91751], 99.50th=[104334], 99.90th=[143655], 99.95th=[175113],
     | 99.99th=[185598]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3160, max=42877, per=6.37%, avg=13961.23, stdev=9282.05, samples=60
   iops        : min=  790, max=10719, avg=3490.18, stdev=2320.53, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.16%, 50=14.95%, 100=17.83%
  lat (usec)   : 250=14.71%, 500=0.99%, 750=0.97%, 1000=2.17%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.84%, 4=18.86%, 10=12.48%, 20=6.80%, 50=4.11%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.80%, 250=0.33%
  cpu          : usr=2.26%, sys=11.21%, ctx=133674, majf=0, minf=228
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=105132,104721,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666587: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3436, BW=13.4MiB/s (14.1MB/s)(404MiB/30069msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1816, max=623064, avg=5699.38, stdev=4942.11
    clat (usec): min=3, max=158882, avg=216.32, stdev=2342.68
     lat (usec): min=16, max=158889, avg=222.02, stdev=2342.70
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   25],  5.00th=[   34], 10.00th=[   39], 20.00th=[   45],
     | 30.00th=[   50], 40.00th=[   59], 50.00th=[   72], 60.00th=[   90],
     | 70.00th=[  112], 80.00th=[  135], 90.00th=[  174], 95.00th=[  265],
     | 99.00th=[ 2769], 99.50th=[ 4293], 99.90th=[16057], 99.95th=[69731],
     | 99.99th=[99091]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2845, max=33539, per=6.29%, avg=13779.25, stdev=9068.70, samples=60
   iops        : min=  711, max= 8384, avg=3444.67, stdev=2267.20, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3449, BW=13.5MiB/s (14.1MB/s)(405MiB/30069msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=1641, avg= 6.11, stdev= 6.82
    clat (usec): min=390, max=214204, avg=9040.72, stdev=15173.79
     lat (usec): min=399, max=214209, avg=9046.84, stdev=15173.79
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   742],  5.00th=[  1057], 10.00th=[  1614], 20.00th=[  2474],
     | 30.00th=[  2999], 40.00th=[  3425], 50.00th=[  3884], 60.00th=[  5080],
     | 70.00th=[  7635], 80.00th=[ 12911], 90.00th=[ 20579], 95.00th=[ 25560],
     | 99.00th=[ 92799], 99.50th=[107480], 99.90th=[158335], 99.95th=[168821],
     | 99.99th=[208667]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2744, max=34693, per=6.31%, avg=13830.60, stdev=9100.75, samples=60
   iops        : min=  686, max= 8673, avg=3457.52, stdev=2275.21, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.18%, 50=14.62%, 100=17.61%
  lat (usec)   : 250=14.85%, 500=1.04%, 750=0.93%, 1000=1.90%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.98%, 4=19.52%, 10=11.95%, 20=7.06%, 50=4.29%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.73%, 250=0.36%
  cpu          : usr=2.09%, sys=11.20%, ctx=134814, majf=0, minf=265
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=103332,103716,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666588: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3496, BW=13.7MiB/s (14.3MB/s)(410MiB/30018msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1816, max=562021, avg=5896.69, stdev=5507.82
    clat (usec): min=3, max=161412, avg=204.35, stdev=2080.08
     lat (usec): min=16, max=161422, avg=210.25, stdev=2080.09
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   25],  5.00th=[   35], 10.00th=[   39], 20.00th=[   45],
     | 30.00th=[   51], 40.00th=[   61], 50.00th=[   75], 60.00th=[   93],
     | 70.00th=[  114], 80.00th=[  139], 90.00th=[  182], 95.00th=[  289],
     | 99.00th=[ 2606], 99.50th=[ 4113], 99.90th=[11207], 99.95th=[48497],
     | 99.99th=[93848]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2709, max=38192, per=6.39%, avg=13996.33, stdev=9482.97, samples=60
   iops        : min=  677, max= 9548, avg=3498.93, stdev=2370.81, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3503, BW=13.7MiB/s (14.4MB/s)(411MiB/30018msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=1118, avg= 6.36, stdev= 7.01
    clat (usec): min=362, max=277522, avg=8908.03, stdev=14733.70
     lat (usec): min=380, max=277527, avg=8914.39, stdev=14733.69
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   758],  5.00th=[  1057], 10.00th=[  1647], 20.00th=[  2442],
     | 30.00th=[  2966], 40.00th=[  3425], 50.00th=[  3916], 60.00th=[  5014],
     | 70.00th=[  7242], 80.00th=[ 12518], 90.00th=[ 20579], 95.00th=[ 26084],
     | 99.00th=[ 90702], 99.50th=[104334], 99.90th=[139461], 99.95th=[177210],
     | 99.99th=[196084]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2765, max=38440, per=6.40%, avg=14025.95, stdev=9514.17, samples=60
   iops        : min=  691, max= 9610, avg=3506.35, stdev=2378.60, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.16%, 50=14.06%, 100=17.67%
  lat (usec)   : 250=15.08%, 500=1.34%, 750=0.87%, 1000=2.01%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.94%, 4=19.36%, 10=12.39%, 20=6.76%, 50=4.23%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.81%, 250=0.32%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=2.47%, sys=11.18%, ctx=134615, majf=0, minf=246
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=104969,105164,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666589: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3553, BW=13.9MiB/s (14.6MB/s)(417MiB/30015msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1885, max=349212, avg=5618.59, stdev=3389.50
    clat (usec): min=4, max=142434, avg=207.14, stdev=2286.33
     lat (usec): min=15, max=142440, avg=212.76, stdev=2286.33
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    24],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    38], 20.00th=[    44],
     | 30.00th=[    50], 40.00th=[    59], 50.00th=[    72], 60.00th=[    89],
     | 70.00th=[   111], 80.00th=[   135], 90.00th=[   172], 95.00th=[   255],
     | 99.00th=[  2573], 99.50th=[  4080], 99.90th=[  9896], 99.95th=[ 70779],
     | 99.99th=[101188]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3248, max=37563, per=6.49%, avg=14223.85, stdev=9746.95, samples=60
   iops        : min=  812, max= 9390, avg=3555.80, stdev=2436.81, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3549, BW=13.9MiB/s (14.5MB/s)(416MiB/30015msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=567819, avg=6055.89, stdev=3865.05
    clat (usec): min=340, max=199801, avg=8785.84, stdev=14626.99
     lat (usec): min=362, max=199808, avg=8791.90, stdev=14626.95
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   693],  5.00th=[   955], 10.00th=[  1401], 20.00th=[  2278],
     | 30.00th=[  2868], 40.00th=[  3359], 50.00th=[  3785], 60.00th=[  4817],
     | 70.00th=[  7046], 80.00th=[ 12387], 90.00th=[ 20579], 95.00th=[ 26084],
     | 99.00th=[ 89654], 99.50th=[102237], 99.90th=[139461], 99.95th=[149947],
     | 99.99th=[191890]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3088, max=36817, per=6.48%, avg=14213.55, stdev=9605.88, samples=60
   iops        : min=  772, max= 9204, avg=3553.27, stdev=2401.53, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 10=0.01%, 20=0.19%, 50=14.72%, 100=17.87%, 250=14.70%
  lat (usec)   : 500=1.07%, 750=1.14%, 1000=2.30%
  lat (msec)   : 2=5.46%, 4=19.10%, 10=11.72%, 20=6.30%, 50=4.34%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.81%, 250=0.31%
  cpu          : usr=2.26%, sys=11.27%, ctx=134023, majf=0, minf=256
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=106661,106552,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666590: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3207, BW=12.5MiB/s (13.1MB/s)(376MiB/30042msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=656727, avg=5848.89, stdev=4586.04
    clat (usec): min=3, max=189538, avg=209.78, stdev=2332.41
     lat (usec): min=16, max=189542, avg=215.63, stdev=2332.41
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    39], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    51], 40.00th=[    60], 50.00th=[    74], 60.00th=[    92],
     | 70.00th=[   114], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   174], 95.00th=[   262],
     | 99.00th=[  2540], 99.50th=[  4047], 99.90th=[ 11469], 99.95th=[ 66323],
     | 99.99th=[102237]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3656, max=33912, per=5.87%, avg=12850.42, stdev=8451.76, samples=60
   iops        : min=  914, max= 8478, avg=3212.45, stdev=2112.91, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3206, BW=12.5MiB/s (13.1MB/s)(376MiB/30042msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1956, max=2787.6k, avg=6283.83, stdev=9885.63
    clat (usec): min=380, max=270625, avg=9753.35, stdev=16849.45
     lat (usec): min=387, max=270629, avg=9759.63, stdev=16849.41
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   742],  5.00th=[  1004], 10.00th=[  1631], 20.00th=[  2540],
     | 30.00th=[  3064], 40.00th=[  3490], 50.00th=[  3916], 60.00th=[  5080],
     | 70.00th=[  7635], 80.00th=[ 13960], 90.00th=[ 21627], 95.00th=[ 27919],
     | 99.00th=[ 99091], 99.50th=[108528], 99.90th=[164627], 99.95th=[177210],
     | 99.99th=[270533]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3616, max=33504, per=5.86%, avg=12844.68, stdev=8443.95, samples=60
   iops        : min=  904, max= 8376, avg=3211.02, stdev=2111.03, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.16%, 50=14.27%, 100=17.59%
  lat (usec)   : 250=15.35%, 500=1.09%, 750=0.91%, 1000=2.16%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.34%, 4=19.47%, 10=11.80%, 20=6.76%, 50=4.64%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.98%, 250=0.47%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=1.93%, sys=10.61%, ctx=123744, majf=0, minf=245
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=96359,96318,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666591: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3560, BW=13.9MiB/s (14.6MB/s)(417MiB/30015msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=544561, avg=5744.24, stdev=4511.81
    clat (usec): min=3, max=141924, avg=204.56, stdev=2166.70
     lat (usec): min=17, max=141931, avg=210.31, stdev=2166.70
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   25],  5.00th=[   35], 10.00th=[   39], 20.00th=[   45],
     | 30.00th=[   51], 40.00th=[   59], 50.00th=[   73], 60.00th=[   90],
     | 70.00th=[  112], 80.00th=[  135], 90.00th=[  174], 95.00th=[  262],
     | 99.00th=[ 2540], 99.50th=[ 4080], 99.90th=[11469], 99.95th=[60556],
     | 99.99th=[99091]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2597, max=40304, per=6.51%, avg=14250.35, stdev=9755.99, samples=60
   iops        : min=  649, max=10076, avg=3562.45, stdev=2439.00, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3556, BW=13.9MiB/s (14.6MB/s)(417MiB/30015msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1816, max=424362, avg=6123.52, stdev=3690.32
    clat (usec): min=335, max=253125, avg=8790.95, stdev=15033.96
     lat (usec): min=340, max=253130, avg=8797.07, stdev=15033.97
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   693],  5.00th=[  1004], 10.00th=[  1598], 20.00th=[  2409],
     | 30.00th=[  2933], 40.00th=[  3392], 50.00th=[  3851], 60.00th=[  4948],
     | 70.00th=[  7308], 80.00th=[ 12518], 90.00th=[ 20317], 95.00th=[ 25035],
     | 99.00th=[ 89654], 99.50th=[111674], 99.90th=[164627], 99.95th=[198181],
     | 99.99th=[217056]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2300, max=39296, per=6.50%, avg=14238.85, stdev=9682.15, samples=60
   iops        : min=  575, max= 9824, avg=3559.60, stdev=2420.55, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.15%, 50=14.30%, 100=18.04%
  lat (usec)   : 250=14.91%, 500=1.11%, 750=1.09%, 1000=1.99%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.93%, 4=19.38%, 10=12.03%, 20=6.91%, 50=4.16%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.66%, 250=0.34%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=2.15%, sys=11.69%, ctx=138269, majf=0, minf=242
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=106864,106747,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666592: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3221, BW=12.6MiB/s (13.2MB/s)(378MiB/30016msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1466, max=966548, avg=5798.37, stdev=4876.93
    clat (usec): min=3, max=140069, avg=216.76, stdev=2260.75
     lat (usec): min=14, max=140077, avg=222.56, stdev=2260.75
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   25],  5.00th=[   35], 10.00th=[   39], 20.00th=[   45],
     | 30.00th=[   51], 40.00th=[   60], 50.00th=[   75], 60.00th=[   94],
     | 70.00th=[  116], 80.00th=[  139], 90.00th=[  180], 95.00th=[  273],
     | 99.00th=[ 2704], 99.50th=[ 4146], 99.90th=[18220], 99.95th=[68682],
     | 99.99th=[98042]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3672, max=30152, per=5.89%, avg=12896.05, stdev=7609.87, samples=60
   iops        : min=  918, max= 7538, avg=3223.87, stdev=1902.50, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3254, BW=12.7MiB/s (13.3MB/s)(382MiB/30016msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=641, avg= 6.22, stdev= 4.63
    clat (usec): min=332, max=242928, avg=9606.26, stdev=16131.99
     lat (usec): min=336, max=242932, avg=9612.47, stdev=16131.97
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   701],  5.00th=[  1106], 10.00th=[  1844], 20.00th=[  2606],
     | 30.00th=[  3163], 40.00th=[  3556], 50.00th=[  3982], 60.00th=[  5276],
     | 70.00th=[  8225], 80.00th=[ 13960], 90.00th=[ 20841], 95.00th=[ 26608],
     | 99.00th=[ 94897], 99.50th=[108528], 99.90th=[154141], 99.95th=[181404],
     | 99.99th=[238027]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3672, max=29170, per=5.94%, avg=13029.57, stdev=7634.26, samples=60
   iops        : min=  918, max= 7292, avg=3257.23, stdev=1908.59, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 20=0.15%, 50=14.01%, 100=17.18%, 250=15.61%
  lat (usec)   : 500=1.23%, 750=1.06%, 1000=1.61%
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.97%, 4=19.89%, 10=12.14%, 20=7.44%, 50=4.43%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.92%, 250=0.37%
  cpu          : usr=2.03%, sys=10.74%, ctx=127725, majf=0, minf=274
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=96711,97689,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666593: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3367, BW=13.2MiB/s (13.8MB/s)(396MiB/30082msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1815, max=1963.4k, avg=6034.93, stdev=9442.41
    clat (nsec): min=1886, max=156086k, avg=217625.39, stdev=2334139.10
     lat (usec): min=14, max=156089, avg=223.66, stdev=2334.15
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    35], 10.00th=[    39], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    52], 40.00th=[    61], 50.00th=[    76], 60.00th=[    95],
     | 70.00th=[   117], 80.00th=[   141], 90.00th=[   186], 95.00th=[   297],
     | 99.00th=[  2769], 99.50th=[  4228], 99.90th=[  8979], 99.95th=[ 63701],
     | 99.99th=[101188]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3920, max=35448, per=6.17%, avg=13506.83, stdev=8590.06, samples=60
   iops        : min=  980, max= 8862, avg=3376.57, stdev=2147.55, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3351, BW=13.1MiB/s (13.7MB/s)(394MiB/30082msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=2305.6k, avg=6418.36, stdev=8800.13
    clat (usec): min=276, max=258723, avg=9331.98, stdev=15020.92
     lat (usec): min=281, max=258728, avg=9338.40, stdev=15020.89
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   750],  5.00th=[  1156], 10.00th=[  1811], 20.00th=[  2540],
     | 30.00th=[  3064], 40.00th=[  3523], 50.00th=[  4015], 60.00th=[  5538],
     | 70.00th=[  8455], 80.00th=[ 13960], 90.00th=[ 21103], 95.00th=[ 26346],
     | 99.00th=[ 88605], 99.50th=[102237], 99.90th=[175113], 99.95th=[191890],
     | 99.99th=[256902]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 4200, max=35088, per=6.13%, avg=13443.90, stdev=8532.64, samples=60
   iops        : min= 1050, max= 8772, avg=3360.85, stdev=2133.23, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.15%, 50=13.85%
  lat (usec)   : 100=17.46%, 250=15.57%, 500=1.37%, 750=0.90%, 1000=1.54%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.69%, 4=19.04%, 10=12.21%, 20=7.41%, 50=4.68%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.85%, 250=0.26%, 500=0.02%
  cpu          : usr=2.34%, sys=11.07%, ctx=133450, majf=0, minf=341
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=101292,100822,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666594: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3475, BW=13.6MiB/s (14.2MB/s)(407MiB/30011msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1956, max=562511, avg=5756.10, stdev=4235.63
    clat (usec): min=3, max=273602, avg=229.76, stdev=2693.05
     lat (usec): min=17, max=273607, avg=235.52, stdev=2693.04
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    38], 20.00th=[    44],
     | 30.00th=[    50], 40.00th=[    58], 50.00th=[    70], 60.00th=[    88],
     | 70.00th=[   111], 80.00th=[   135], 90.00th=[   176], 95.00th=[   265],
     | 99.00th=[  2802], 99.50th=[  4228], 99.90th=[ 33162], 99.95th=[ 76022],
     | 99.99th=[106431]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3624, max=38472, per=6.35%, avg=13908.55, stdev=9154.12, samples=60
   iops        : min=  906, max= 9618, avg=3477.02, stdev=2288.57, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3485, BW=13.6MiB/s (14.3MB/s)(409MiB/30011msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=2318, avg= 6.20, stdev= 8.56
    clat (usec): min=382, max=154913, avg=8939.56, stdev=14337.25
     lat (usec): min=392, max=154918, avg=8945.76, stdev=14337.21
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   693],  5.00th=[   988], 10.00th=[  1483], 20.00th=[  2474],
     | 30.00th=[  3032], 40.00th=[  3458], 50.00th=[  3916], 60.00th=[  5080],
     | 70.00th=[  7701], 80.00th=[ 13042], 90.00th=[ 20317], 95.00th=[ 25822],
     | 99.00th=[ 89654], 99.50th=[102237], 99.90th=[143655], 99.95th=[147850],
     | 99.99th=[154141]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3256, max=37712, per=6.36%, avg=13949.73, stdev=9153.46, samples=60
   iops        : min=  814, max= 9428, avg=3487.30, stdev=2288.41, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.18%, 50=14.92%, 100=17.70%
  lat (usec)   : 250=14.46%, 500=1.15%, 750=1.12%, 1000=2.04%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.90%, 4=18.96%, 10=12.07%, 20=7.24%, 50=4.18%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.81%, 250=0.29%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=2.09%, sys=11.43%, ctx=134473, majf=0, minf=279
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=104317,104598,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666595: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3286, BW=12.8MiB/s (13.5MB/s)(385MiB/30021msec)
    slat (usec): min=2, max=396, avg= 5.79, stdev= 4.05
    clat (usec): min=3, max=183173, avg=221.68, stdev=2441.54
     lat (usec): min=16, max=183177, avg=227.47, stdev=2441.54
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    35], 10.00th=[    39], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    51], 40.00th=[    60], 50.00th=[    75], 60.00th=[    93],
     | 70.00th=[   115], 80.00th=[   139], 90.00th=[   180], 95.00th=[   265],
     | 99.00th=[  2835], 99.50th=[  4293], 99.90th=[ 20841], 99.95th=[ 67634],
     | 99.99th=[109577]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3062, max=36736, per=6.01%, avg=13155.65, stdev=9094.15, samples=60
   iops        : min=  765, max= 9184, avg=3288.77, stdev=2273.60, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3302, BW=12.9MiB/s (13.5MB/s)(387MiB/30021msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=670, avg= 6.22, stdev= 4.77
    clat (usec): min=187, max=203795, avg=9445.49, stdev=15555.00
     lat (usec): min=191, max=203800, avg=9451.71, stdev=15555.00
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   775],  5.00th=[  1156], 10.00th=[  1696], 20.00th=[  2540],
     | 30.00th=[  3064], 40.00th=[  3458], 50.00th=[  3884], 60.00th=[  5145],
     | 70.00th=[  7898], 80.00th=[ 13566], 90.00th=[ 21103], 95.00th=[ 27395],
     | 99.00th=[ 95945], 99.50th=[105382], 99.90th=[137364], 99.95th=[164627],
     | 99.99th=[200279]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3575, max=37520, per=6.03%, avg=13226.02, stdev=9135.50, samples=60
   iops        : min=  893, max= 9380, avg=3306.40, stdev=2283.91, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.16%, 50=14.09%, 100=17.35%
  lat (usec)   : 250=15.57%, 500=1.18%, 750=0.71%, 1000=1.71%
  lat (msec)   : 2=5.11%, 4=19.70%, 10=11.42%, 20=7.21%, 50=4.50%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.93%, 250=0.37%
  cpu          : usr=2.24%, sys=10.72%, ctx=130150, majf=0, minf=241
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=98657,99157,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666596: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3341, BW=13.1MiB/s (13.7MB/s)(392MiB/30010msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=3315.2k, avg=5997.87, stdev=11998.10
    clat (nsec): min=1885, max=258671k, avg=216319.22, stdev=2554218.14
     lat (usec): min=16, max=258680, avg=222.32, stdev=2554.29
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    35], 10.00th=[    39], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    51], 40.00th=[    61], 50.00th=[    75], 60.00th=[    94],
     | 70.00th=[   116], 80.00th=[   141], 90.00th=[   184], 95.00th=[   289],
     | 99.00th=[  2573], 99.50th=[  4080], 99.90th=[  8979], 99.95th=[ 64750],
     | 99.99th=[109577]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3664, max=35664, per=6.11%, avg=13375.27, stdev=8555.43, samples=60
   iops        : min=  916, max= 8916, avg=3343.73, stdev=2138.88, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3356, BW=13.1MiB/s (13.8MB/s)(394MiB/30010msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=995, avg= 6.36, stdev= 6.18
    clat (usec): min=361, max=268754, avg=9321.04, stdev=14916.18
     lat (usec): min=368, max=268759, avg=9327.40, stdev=14916.19
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   832],  5.00th=[  1237], 10.00th=[  1811], 20.00th=[  2573],
     | 30.00th=[  3097], 40.00th=[  3556], 50.00th=[  4015], 60.00th=[  5473],
     | 70.00th=[  8586], 80.00th=[ 14091], 90.00th=[ 21103], 95.00th=[ 26346],
     | 99.00th=[ 87557], 99.50th=[106431], 99.90th=[154141], 99.95th=[189793],
     | 99.99th=[265290]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3944, max=35504, per=6.13%, avg=13438.78, stdev=8656.23, samples=60
   iops        : min=  986, max= 8876, avg=3359.57, stdev=2164.08, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.17%, 50=13.89%
  lat (usec)   : 100=17.29%, 250=15.49%, 500=1.34%, 750=0.65%, 1000=1.47%
  lat (msec)   : 2=5.00%, 4=19.15%, 10=11.99%, 20=7.79%, 50=4.70%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.72%, 250=0.31%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=2.19%, sys=11.13%, ctx=133484, majf=0, minf=231
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=100290,100734,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666597: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3522, BW=13.8MiB/s (14.4MB/s)(413MiB/30010msec)
    slat (usec): min=2, max=633, avg= 5.76, stdev= 5.80
    clat (usec): min=2, max=266659, avg=223.97, stdev=2696.10
     lat (usec): min=14, max=266663, avg=229.74, stdev=2696.09
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    35], 10.00th=[    39], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    50], 40.00th=[    59], 50.00th=[    72], 60.00th=[    90],
     | 70.00th=[   111], 80.00th=[   135], 90.00th=[   169], 95.00th=[   255],
     | 99.00th=[  2606], 99.50th=[  4015], 99.90th=[ 28705], 99.95th=[ 74974],
     | 99.99th=[107480]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3959, max=37370, per=6.44%, avg=14099.33, stdev=9243.02, samples=60
   iops        : min=  989, max= 9342, avg=3524.70, stdev=2310.77, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3545, BW=13.9MiB/s (14.5MB/s)(416MiB/30010msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=515, avg= 6.17, stdev= 4.35
    clat (usec): min=239, max=284389, avg=8836.06, stdev=14304.55
     lat (usec): min=242, max=284394, avg=8842.23, stdev=14304.55
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   709],  5.00th=[  1004], 10.00th=[  1565], 20.00th=[  2442],
     | 30.00th=[  2999], 40.00th=[  3458], 50.00th=[  3916], 60.00th=[  5145],
     | 70.00th=[  7832], 80.00th=[ 12911], 90.00th=[ 20579], 95.00th=[ 25560],
     | 99.00th=[ 85459], 99.50th=[100140], 99.90th=[139461], 99.95th=[173016],
     | 99.99th=[235930]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 4344, max=39006, per=6.48%, avg=14195.52, stdev=9347.34, samples=60
   iops        : min= 1086, max= 9751, avg=3548.73, stdev=2336.87, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.16%, 50=14.52%, 100=17.88%
  lat (usec)   : 250=14.72%, 500=1.04%, 750=0.97%, 1000=2.08%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.95%, 4=19.10%, 10=11.88%, 20=7.30%, 50=4.40%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.73%, 250=0.26%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=2.19%, sys=11.60%, ctx=139155, majf=0, minf=282
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=105712,106401,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666598: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3442, BW=13.4MiB/s (14.1MB/s)(404MiB/30012msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=1131.2k, avg=5791.94, stdev=5181.83
    clat (usec): min=4, max=140355, avg=213.46, stdev=2339.42
     lat (usec): min=16, max=140360, avg=219.25, stdev=2339.42
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    38], 20.00th=[    44],
     | 30.00th=[    50], 40.00th=[    58], 50.00th=[    71], 60.00th=[    89],
     | 70.00th=[   112], 80.00th=[   135], 90.00th=[   176], 95.00th=[   262],
     | 99.00th=[  2606], 99.50th=[  4047], 99.90th=[ 18482], 99.95th=[ 63177],
     | 99.99th=[107480]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3264, max=33928, per=6.29%, avg=13779.63, stdev=8850.53, samples=60
   iops        : min=  816, max= 8482, avg=3444.77, stdev=2212.64, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3435, BW=13.4MiB/s (14.1MB/s)(403MiB/30012msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=332, avg= 6.17, stdev= 3.68
    clat (usec): min=375, max=213354, avg=9100.29, stdev=15111.25
     lat (usec): min=390, max=213362, avg=9106.46, stdev=15111.25
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   701],  5.00th=[   979], 10.00th=[  1614], 20.00th=[  2474],
     | 30.00th=[  3032], 40.00th=[  3490], 50.00th=[  3982], 60.00th=[  5342],
     | 70.00th=[  7767], 80.00th=[ 12911], 90.00th=[ 20579], 95.00th=[ 26346],
     | 99.00th=[ 91751], 99.50th=[105382], 99.90th=[158335], 99.95th=[164627],
     | 99.99th=[210764]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3448, max=34368, per=6.28%, avg=13756.97, stdev=8715.76, samples=60
   iops        : min=  862, max= 8592, avg=3439.08, stdev=2178.95, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 10=0.01%, 20=0.17%, 50=15.02%, 100=17.51%, 250=14.69%
  lat (usec)   : 500=1.14%, 750=1.07%, 1000=2.14%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.52%, 4=18.65%, 10=12.57%, 20=7.09%, 50=4.36%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.71%, 250=0.37%
  cpu          : usr=2.28%, sys=11.11%, ctx=133267, majf=0, minf=192
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=103317,103115,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666599: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3359, BW=13.1MiB/s (13.8MB/s)(394MiB/30008msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1885, max=424921, avg=5739.68, stdev=4584.59
    clat (nsec): min=1816, max=180381k, avg=217406.73, stdev=2380796.54
     lat (usec): min=15, max=180386, avg=223.15, stdev=2380.80
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    35], 10.00th=[    39], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    51], 40.00th=[    60], 50.00th=[    75], 60.00th=[    93],
     | 70.00th=[   115], 80.00th=[   139], 90.00th=[   178], 95.00th=[   273],
     | 99.00th=[  2769], 99.50th=[  4178], 99.90th=[ 18220], 99.95th=[ 66847],
     | 99.99th=[104334]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2840, max=34536, per=6.14%, avg=13445.93, stdev=8391.27, samples=60
   iops        : min=  710, max= 8634, avg=3361.37, stdev=2097.87, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3353, BW=13.1MiB/s (13.7MB/s)(393MiB/30008msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=754, avg= 6.15, stdev= 4.82
    clat (usec): min=505, max=186449, avg=9343.92, stdev=14897.01
     lat (usec): min=515, max=186453, avg=9350.07, stdev=14896.96
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   783],  5.00th=[  1188], 10.00th=[  1844], 20.00th=[  2573],
     | 30.00th=[  3064], 40.00th=[  3490], 50.00th=[  3916], 60.00th=[  5342],
     | 70.00th=[  8586], 80.00th=[ 13698], 90.00th=[ 21103], 95.00th=[ 26608],
     | 99.00th=[ 89654], 99.50th=[107480], 99.90th=[145753], 99.95th=[149947],
     | 99.99th=[183501]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2968, max=33568, per=6.12%, avg=13424.22, stdev=8298.43, samples=60
   iops        : min=  742, max= 8392, avg=3355.95, stdev=2074.66, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.15%, 50=14.15%
  lat (usec)   : 100=17.47%, 250=15.47%, 500=1.22%, 750=0.69%, 1000=1.60%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.46%, 4=20.11%, 10=11.19%, 20=7.81%, 50=4.56%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.81%, 250=0.33%
  cpu          : usr=2.14%, sys=11.05%, ctx=134928, majf=0, minf=207
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=100818,100623,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666600: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3488, BW=13.6MiB/s (14.3MB/s)(409MiB/30013msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=560136, avg=5739.44, stdev=4559.03
    clat (usec): min=2, max=202697, avg=213.21, stdev=2461.10
     lat (usec): min=16, max=202701, avg=218.95, stdev=2461.10
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    38], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    51], 40.00th=[    60], 50.00th=[    74], 60.00th=[    92],
     | 70.00th=[   114], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   176], 95.00th=[   262],
     | 99.00th=[  2507], 99.50th=[  4146], 99.90th=[ 15270], 99.95th=[ 68682],
     | 99.99th=[114820]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2925, max=37120, per=6.38%, avg=13965.20, stdev=9522.25, samples=60
   iops        : min=  731, max= 9280, avg=3491.17, stdev=2380.62, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3456, BW=13.5MiB/s (14.2MB/s)(405MiB/30013msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1885, max=1330.4k, avg=6170.97, stdev=6417.24
    clat (usec): min=377, max=213422, avg=9029.65, stdev=14853.32
     lat (usec): min=383, max=213426, avg=9035.82, stdev=14853.31
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   717],  5.00th=[  1012], 10.00th=[  1516], 20.00th=[  2442],
     | 30.00th=[  3032], 40.00th=[  3458], 50.00th=[  3884], 60.00th=[  4948],
     | 70.00th=[  7308], 80.00th=[ 13435], 90.00th=[ 20841], 95.00th=[ 26084],
     | 99.00th=[ 92799], 99.50th=[101188], 99.90th=[137364], 99.95th=[170918],
     | 99.99th=[212861]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2917, max=35472, per=6.31%, avg=13838.30, stdev=9315.22, samples=60
   iops        : min=  729, max= 8868, avg=3459.43, stdev=2328.85, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.18%, 50=14.55%, 100=17.48%
  lat (usec)   : 250=15.38%, 500=1.12%, 750=0.99%, 1000=2.03%
  lat (msec)   : 2=5.12%, 4=18.98%, 10=11.79%, 20=6.76%, 50=4.59%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.76%, 250=0.29%
  cpu          : usr=2.19%, sys=11.23%, ctx=134628, majf=0, minf=257
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=104705,103727,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666601: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3601, BW=14.1MiB/s (14.8MB/s)(422MiB/30008msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1816, max=424362, avg=5629.31, stdev=4001.49
    clat (usec): min=3, max=164130, avg=209.60, stdev=2259.24
     lat (usec): min=15, max=164134, avg=215.23, stdev=2259.24
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    38], 20.00th=[    44],
     | 30.00th=[    50], 40.00th=[    58], 50.00th=[    71], 60.00th=[    88],
     | 70.00th=[   109], 80.00th=[   133], 90.00th=[   172], 95.00th=[   251],
     | 99.00th=[  2573], 99.50th=[  4113], 99.90th=[ 17695], 99.95th=[ 64226],
     | 99.99th=[100140]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2492, max=36176, per=6.58%, avg=14418.30, stdev=9848.89, samples=60
   iops        : min=  623, max= 9044, avg=3604.47, stdev=2462.28, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3593, BW=14.0MiB/s (14.7MB/s)(421MiB/30008msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=695, avg= 6.06, stdev= 4.44
    clat (usec): min=412, max=256891, avg=8700.35, stdev=14373.71
     lat (usec): min=435, max=256895, avg=8706.41, stdev=14373.74
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   750],  5.00th=[  1029], 10.00th=[  1516], 20.00th=[  2376],
     | 30.00th=[  2933], 40.00th=[  3425], 50.00th=[  3884], 60.00th=[  5080],
     | 70.00th=[  7570], 80.00th=[ 12911], 90.00th=[ 19792], 95.00th=[ 25035],
     | 99.00th=[ 88605], 99.50th=[103285], 99.90th=[154141], 99.95th=[179307],
     | 99.99th=[252707]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2837, max=36224, per=6.56%, avg=14383.68, stdev=9781.13, samples=60
   iops        : min=  709, max= 9056, avg=3595.78, stdev=2445.36, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.15%, 50=15.04%, 100=17.95%
  lat (usec)   : 250=14.40%, 500=1.00%, 750=0.82%, 1000=2.09%
  lat (msec)   : 2=5.47%, 4=18.85%, 10=11.89%, 20=7.38%, 50=4.11%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.59%, 250=0.29%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=2.30%, sys=11.53%, ctx=142187, majf=0, minf=261
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=108080,107821,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q1T1: (groupid=3, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3668147: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=107, BW=431KiB/s (441kB/s)(12.6MiB/30001msec)
    slat (nsec): min=2444, max=33106, avg=6092.80, stdev=2137.71
    clat (usec): min=32, max=138466, avg=4609.26, stdev=12047.26
     lat (usec): min=35, max=138472, avg=4615.35, stdev=12047.30
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    39],  5.00th=[    48], 10.00th=[    58], 20.00th=[   685],
     | 30.00th=[   742], 40.00th=[   816], 50.00th=[   898], 60.00th=[   971],
     | 70.00th=[  1221], 80.00th=[  1565], 90.00th=[  4752], 95.00th=[ 37487],
     | 99.00th=[ 50594], 99.50th=[ 58983], 99.90th=[ 92799], 99.95th=[125305],
     | 99.99th=[139461]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  152, max= 1202, per=99.85%, avg=430.73, stdev=213.53, samples=60
   iops        : min=   38, max=  300, avg=107.67, stdev=53.34, samples=60
  write: IOPS=104, BW=417KiB/s (427kB/s)(12.2MiB/30001msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=2374, max=43512, avg=6370.66, stdev=2309.50
    clat (usec): min=35, max=97575, avg=4811.75, stdev=11855.18
     lat (usec): min=43, max=97581, avg=4818.12, stdev=11855.27
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   51],  5.00th=[   63], 10.00th=[   82], 20.00th=[  676],
     | 30.00th=[  734], 40.00th=[  799], 50.00th=[  889], 60.00th=[  963],
     | 70.00th=[ 1205], 80.00th=[ 1598], 90.00th=[15926], 95.00th=[38011],
     | 99.00th=[47449], 99.50th=[55837], 99.90th=[73925], 99.95th=[87557],
     | 99.99th=[98042]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  160, max= 1416, per=99.84%, avg=416.63, stdev=223.01, samples=60
   iops        : min=   40, max=  354, avg=104.13, stdev=55.72, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 50=3.54%, 100=7.63%, 250=0.36%, 750=20.68%, 1000=29.99%
  lat (msec)   : 2=23.07%, 4=4.20%, 10=0.72%, 20=0.33%, 50=8.51%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.91%, 250=0.05%
  cpu          : usr=0.13%, sys=0.51%, ctx=6356, majf=0, minf=37
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=3230,3125,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=207MiB/s (217MB/s), 207MiB/s-207MiB/s (217MB/s-217MB/s), io=6222MiB (6524MB), run=30034-30034msec
  WRITE: bw=207MiB/s (217MB/s), 207MiB/s-207MiB/s (217MB/s-217MB/s), io=6224MiB (6526MB), run=30034-30034msec

Run status group 1 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=118MiB/s (124MB/s), 118MiB/s-118MiB/s (124MB/s-124MB/s), io=3536MiB (3708MB), run=30003-30003msec
  WRITE: bw=122MiB/s (128MB/s), 122MiB/s-122MiB/s (128MB/s-128MB/s), io=3660MiB (3838MB), run=30003-30003msec

Run status group 2 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=214MiB/s (224MB/s), 12.5MiB/s-14.1MiB/s (13.1MB/s-14.8MB/s), io=6434MiB (6747MB), run=30008-30082msec
  WRITE: bw=214MiB/s (224MB/s), 12.5MiB/s-14.0MiB/s (13.1MB/s-14.7MB/s), io=6439MiB (6752MB), run=30008-30082msec

Run status group 3 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=431KiB/s (441kB/s), 431KiB/s-431KiB/s (441kB/s-441kB/s), io=12.6MiB (13.2MB), run=30001-30001msec
  WRITE: bw=417KiB/s (427kB/s), 417KiB/s-417KiB/s (427kB/s-427kB/s), io=12.2MiB (12.8MB), run=30001-30001msec
 

jhartbarger

Active Member
Jan 5, 2022
124
159
43
I didn't do a full drive test, just basically installed Proxmox VE on it. The Micron 7300 had 1PB written on it though (it was a steal, thanks for @ca3y6 again).

Did you mean smart self-test of like fio ?

Impending Drive failure with 4 different Drives of 2 Brands/Models :rolleyes: ?

I thought that maybe ASPM is interfering with Performance, that could definitively be (and on the Hyve EPYC Server I wouldn't be surprised if PCIe auto-negotiation is SUPER wonky), but that seems to be alright:
Code:
root@pve:~# sudo lspci -s 81:00.0 -vvv | grep -E "LnkCap|LnkCtl|LnkSta"
        LnkCap:    Port #0, Speed 8GT/s, Width x4, ASPM not supported
        LnkCtl:    ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes, LnkDisable- CommClk+
        LnkSta:    Speed 8GT/s, Width x4
        LnkCap2: Supported Link Speeds: 2.5-8GT/s, Crosslink- Retimer- 2Retimers- DRS-
        LnkCtl2: Target Link Speed: 8GT/s, EnterCompliance- SpeedDis-
        LnkSta2: Current De-emphasis Level: -6dB, EqualizationComplete+ EqualizationPhase1+
        LnkCtl3: LnkEquIntrruptEn- PerformEqu-

root@pve:~# sudo lspci -s c2:00.0 -vvv | grep -E "LnkCap|LnkCtl|LnkSta"
        LnkCap:    Port #0, Speed 8GT/s, Width x4, ASPM not supported
        LnkCtl:    ASPM Disabled; RCB 64 bytes, LnkDisable- CommClk+
        LnkSta:    Speed 8GT/s, Width x4
        LnkCap2: Supported Link Speeds: 2.5-8GT/s, Crosslink- Retimer- 2Retimers- DRS-
        LnkCtl2: Target Link Speed: 8GT/s, EnterCompliance- SpeedDis-
        LnkSta2: Current De-emphasis Level: -6dB, EqualizationComplete+ EqualizationPhase1+
        LnkCtl3: LnkEquIntrruptEn- PerformEqu-
Should be PCIe 3.0 x4.

Sector Size:
Code:
root@pve:~# sudo nvme id-ns -H /dev/nvme0n1 | grep -E "LBA Format |Relative Performance"
  [6:5] : 0    Most significant 2 bits of Current LBA Format Selected
  [3:0] : 0    Least significant 4 bits of Current LBA Format Selected
LBA Format  0 : Metadata Size: 0   bytes - Data Size: 512 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best (in use)
LBA Format  1 : Metadata Size: 0   bytes - Data Size: 4096 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
LBA Format  2 : Metadata Size: 8   bytes - Data Size: 512 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
LBA Format  3 : Metadata Size: 8   bytes - Data Size: 4096 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
LBA Format  4 : Metadata Size: 64  bytes - Data Size: 4096 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
root@pve:~# sudo nvme id-ns -H /dev/nvme1n1 | grep -E "LBA Format |Relative Performance"
  [6:5] : 0    Most significant 2 bits of Current LBA Format Selected
  [3:0] : 0    Least significant 4 bits of Current LBA Format Selected
LBA Format  0 : Metadata Size: 0   bytes - Data Size: 512 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best (in use)
LBA Format  1 : Metadata Size: 0   bytes - Data Size: 4096 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
LBA Format  2 : Metadata Size: 8   bytes - Data Size: 512 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
LBA Format  3 : Metadata Size: 8   bytes - Data Size: 4096 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
LBA Format  4 : Metadata Size: 64  bytes - Data Size: 4096 bytes - Relative Performance: 0 Best
Quick fio test with very bad Performance:
Code:
root@pve:~# fio --time_based --runtime=30 --ramp_time=5 --ioengine=io_uring --direct=1 \
--size=2G --filename=/testfile.fio --stonewall \
--name=SEQ1M_Q8T1 --bs=1m --rw=readwrite --iodepth=8 --numjobs=1 \
--name=SEQ1M_Q1T1 --bs=1m --rw=readwrite --iodepth=1 --numjobs=1 \
--name=RND4K_Q32T16 --bs=4k --rw=randrw --iodepth=32 --numjobs=16 \
--name=RND4K_Q1T1 --bs=4k --rw=randrw --iodepth=1 --numjobs=1
SEQ1M_Q8T1: (g=0): rw=rw, bs=(R) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (W) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (T) 1024KiB-1024KiB, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=8
SEQ1M_Q1T1: (g=1): rw=rw, bs=(R) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (W) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (T) 1024KiB-1024KiB, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=1
RND4K_Q32T16: (g=2): rw=randrw, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=32
...
RND4K_Q1T1: (g=3): rw=randrw, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=1
fio-3.39
Starting 19 processes
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [_(18),m(1)][20.7%][r=452KiB/s,w=440KiB/s][r=113,w=110 IOPS][eta 09m:00s]      
SEQ1M_Q8T1: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3664122: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=207, BW=207MiB/s (217MB/s)(6222MiB/30034msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1885, max=30800, avg=5537.07, stdev=1875.48
    clat (usec): min=1065, max=130075, avg=3672.11, stdev=7562.67
     lat (usec): min=1069, max=130081, avg=3677.65, stdev=7562.73
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[  1221],  5.00th=[  1352], 10.00th=[  1450], 20.00th=[  1614],
     | 30.00th=[  1778], 40.00th=[  1942], 50.00th=[  2147], 60.00th=[  2376],
     | 70.00th=[  2737], 80.00th=[  3228], 90.00th=[  4113], 95.00th=[  4883],
     | 99.00th=[ 44827], 99.50th=[ 49546], 99.90th=[ 65799], 99.95th=[ 92799],
     | 99.99th=[130548]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=147751, max=319488, per=100.00%, avg=212509.13, stdev=32473.74, samples=60
   iops        : min=  144, max=  312, avg=207.40, stdev=31.71, samples=60
  write: IOPS=206, BW=207MiB/s (217MB/s)(6224MiB/30034msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=19, max=633, avg=46.01, stdev=15.23
    clat (usec): min=5162, max=63420, avg=34889.68, stdev=5556.12
     lat (usec): min=5213, max=63467, avg=34935.69, stdev=5555.36
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[14091],  5.00th=[25297], 10.00th=[28967], 20.00th=[31589],
     | 30.00th=[33162], 40.00th=[34866], 50.00th=[35390], 60.00th=[36439],
     | 70.00th=[38011], 80.00th=[39584], 90.00th=[40633], 95.00th=[42730],
     | 99.00th=[43779], 99.50th=[43779], 99.90th=[44303], 99.95th=[50070],
     | 99.99th=[63177]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=186368, max=231424, per=100.00%, avg=212308.03, stdev=12528.14, samples=60
   iops        : min=  182, max=  226, avg=207.20, stdev=12.21, samples=60
  lat (msec)   : 2=21.59%, 4=22.97%, 10=4.04%, 20=1.33%, 50=49.86%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.25%, 250=0.02%
  cpu          : usr=1.13%, sys=0.82%, ctx=12486, majf=0, minf=1077
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=100.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=6222,6217,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=8
SEQ1M_Q1T1: (groupid=1, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3665476: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=117, BW=118MiB/s (124MB/s)(3536MiB/30003msec)
    slat (nsec): min=2794, max=29823, avg=6396.77, stdev=2163.23
    clat (usec): min=1083, max=104943, avg=3652.46, stdev=7789.39
     lat (usec): min=1087, max=104948, avg=3658.85, stdev=7789.26
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[  1188],  5.00th=[  1287], 10.00th=[  1369], 20.00th=[  1500],
     | 30.00th=[  1631], 40.00th=[  1745], 50.00th=[  1909], 60.00th=[  2114],
     | 70.00th=[  2376], 80.00th=[  2769], 90.00th=[  3621], 95.00th=[  5080],
     | 99.00th=[ 40633], 99.50th=[ 45876], 99.90th=[ 84411], 99.95th=[ 91751],
     | 99.99th=[105382]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=63488, max=161792, per=100.00%, avg=120730.18, stdev=23058.20, samples=60
   iops        : min=   62, max=  158, avg=117.83, stdev=22.51, samples=60
  write: IOPS=121, BW=122MiB/s (128MB/s)(3660MiB/30003msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=12292, max=89468, avg=42617.62, stdev=8771.97
    clat (usec): min=4253, max=6125, avg=4609.41, stdev=313.60
     lat (usec): min=4292, max=6160, avg=4652.03, stdev=314.27
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 4293],  5.00th=[ 4293], 10.00th=[ 4359], 20.00th=[ 4359],
     | 30.00th=[ 4359], 40.00th=[ 4424], 50.00th=[ 4424], 60.00th=[ 4490],
     | 70.00th=[ 5014], 80.00th=[ 5014], 90.00th=[ 5080], 95.00th=[ 5080],
     | 99.00th=[ 5145], 99.50th=[ 5145], 99.90th=[ 5800], 99.95th=[ 6128],
     | 99.99th=[ 6128]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=79872, max=167936, per=100.00%, avg=124966.12, stdev=23560.99, samples=60
   iops        : min=   78, max=  164, avg=121.97, stdev=22.99, samples=60
  lat (msec)   : 2=26.81%, 4=18.58%, 10=52.40%, 20=0.04%, 50=1.96%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.19%, 250=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=0.66%, sys=0.52%, ctx=7198, majf=0, minf=47
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=3536,3660,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666586: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3499, BW=13.7MiB/s (14.3MB/s)(411MiB/30045msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=357593, avg=5745.67, stdev=3845.16
    clat (nsec): min=1956, max=171199k, avg=214165.86, stdev=2469893.77
     lat (usec): min=16, max=171204, avg=219.91, stdev=2469.91
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    38], 20.00th=[    44],
     | 30.00th=[    50], 40.00th=[    58], 50.00th=[    71], 60.00th=[    88],
     | 70.00th=[   111], 80.00th=[   135], 90.00th=[   169], 95.00th=[   245],
     | 99.00th=[  2507], 99.50th=[  4080], 99.90th=[ 17957], 99.95th=[ 74974],
     | 99.99th=[113771]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3264, max=44168, per=6.40%, avg=14016.98, stdev=9429.80, samples=60
   iops        : min=  816, max=11042, avg=3504.12, stdev=2357.50, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3485, BW=13.6MiB/s (14.3MB/s)(409MiB/30045msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=394, avg= 6.17, stdev= 3.70
    clat (usec): min=478, max=187077, avg=8946.35, stdev=14988.80
     lat (usec): min=485, max=187083, avg=8952.52, stdev=14988.79
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   725],  5.00th=[   988], 10.00th=[  1500], 20.00th=[  2442],
     | 30.00th=[  2999], 40.00th=[  3458], 50.00th=[  3916], 60.00th=[  5014],
     | 70.00th=[  7242], 80.00th=[ 12387], 90.00th=[ 20317], 95.00th=[ 26084],
     | 99.00th=[ 91751], 99.50th=[104334], 99.90th=[143655], 99.95th=[175113],
     | 99.99th=[185598]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3160, max=42877, per=6.37%, avg=13961.23, stdev=9282.05, samples=60
   iops        : min=  790, max=10719, avg=3490.18, stdev=2320.53, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.16%, 50=14.95%, 100=17.83%
  lat (usec)   : 250=14.71%, 500=0.99%, 750=0.97%, 1000=2.17%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.84%, 4=18.86%, 10=12.48%, 20=6.80%, 50=4.11%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.80%, 250=0.33%
  cpu          : usr=2.26%, sys=11.21%, ctx=133674, majf=0, minf=228
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=105132,104721,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666587: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3436, BW=13.4MiB/s (14.1MB/s)(404MiB/30069msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1816, max=623064, avg=5699.38, stdev=4942.11
    clat (usec): min=3, max=158882, avg=216.32, stdev=2342.68
     lat (usec): min=16, max=158889, avg=222.02, stdev=2342.70
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   25],  5.00th=[   34], 10.00th=[   39], 20.00th=[   45],
     | 30.00th=[   50], 40.00th=[   59], 50.00th=[   72], 60.00th=[   90],
     | 70.00th=[  112], 80.00th=[  135], 90.00th=[  174], 95.00th=[  265],
     | 99.00th=[ 2769], 99.50th=[ 4293], 99.90th=[16057], 99.95th=[69731],
     | 99.99th=[99091]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2845, max=33539, per=6.29%, avg=13779.25, stdev=9068.70, samples=60
   iops        : min=  711, max= 8384, avg=3444.67, stdev=2267.20, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3449, BW=13.5MiB/s (14.1MB/s)(405MiB/30069msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=1641, avg= 6.11, stdev= 6.82
    clat (usec): min=390, max=214204, avg=9040.72, stdev=15173.79
     lat (usec): min=399, max=214209, avg=9046.84, stdev=15173.79
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   742],  5.00th=[  1057], 10.00th=[  1614], 20.00th=[  2474],
     | 30.00th=[  2999], 40.00th=[  3425], 50.00th=[  3884], 60.00th=[  5080],
     | 70.00th=[  7635], 80.00th=[ 12911], 90.00th=[ 20579], 95.00th=[ 25560],
     | 99.00th=[ 92799], 99.50th=[107480], 99.90th=[158335], 99.95th=[168821],
     | 99.99th=[208667]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2744, max=34693, per=6.31%, avg=13830.60, stdev=9100.75, samples=60
   iops        : min=  686, max= 8673, avg=3457.52, stdev=2275.21, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.18%, 50=14.62%, 100=17.61%
  lat (usec)   : 250=14.85%, 500=1.04%, 750=0.93%, 1000=1.90%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.98%, 4=19.52%, 10=11.95%, 20=7.06%, 50=4.29%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.73%, 250=0.36%
  cpu          : usr=2.09%, sys=11.20%, ctx=134814, majf=0, minf=265
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=103332,103716,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666588: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3496, BW=13.7MiB/s (14.3MB/s)(410MiB/30018msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1816, max=562021, avg=5896.69, stdev=5507.82
    clat (usec): min=3, max=161412, avg=204.35, stdev=2080.08
     lat (usec): min=16, max=161422, avg=210.25, stdev=2080.09
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   25],  5.00th=[   35], 10.00th=[   39], 20.00th=[   45],
     | 30.00th=[   51], 40.00th=[   61], 50.00th=[   75], 60.00th=[   93],
     | 70.00th=[  114], 80.00th=[  139], 90.00th=[  182], 95.00th=[  289],
     | 99.00th=[ 2606], 99.50th=[ 4113], 99.90th=[11207], 99.95th=[48497],
     | 99.99th=[93848]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2709, max=38192, per=6.39%, avg=13996.33, stdev=9482.97, samples=60
   iops        : min=  677, max= 9548, avg=3498.93, stdev=2370.81, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3503, BW=13.7MiB/s (14.4MB/s)(411MiB/30018msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=1118, avg= 6.36, stdev= 7.01
    clat (usec): min=362, max=277522, avg=8908.03, stdev=14733.70
     lat (usec): min=380, max=277527, avg=8914.39, stdev=14733.69
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   758],  5.00th=[  1057], 10.00th=[  1647], 20.00th=[  2442],
     | 30.00th=[  2966], 40.00th=[  3425], 50.00th=[  3916], 60.00th=[  5014],
     | 70.00th=[  7242], 80.00th=[ 12518], 90.00th=[ 20579], 95.00th=[ 26084],
     | 99.00th=[ 90702], 99.50th=[104334], 99.90th=[139461], 99.95th=[177210],
     | 99.99th=[196084]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2765, max=38440, per=6.40%, avg=14025.95, stdev=9514.17, samples=60
   iops        : min=  691, max= 9610, avg=3506.35, stdev=2378.60, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.16%, 50=14.06%, 100=17.67%
  lat (usec)   : 250=15.08%, 500=1.34%, 750=0.87%, 1000=2.01%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.94%, 4=19.36%, 10=12.39%, 20=6.76%, 50=4.23%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.81%, 250=0.32%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=2.47%, sys=11.18%, ctx=134615, majf=0, minf=246
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=104969,105164,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666589: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3553, BW=13.9MiB/s (14.6MB/s)(417MiB/30015msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1885, max=349212, avg=5618.59, stdev=3389.50
    clat (usec): min=4, max=142434, avg=207.14, stdev=2286.33
     lat (usec): min=15, max=142440, avg=212.76, stdev=2286.33
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    24],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    38], 20.00th=[    44],
     | 30.00th=[    50], 40.00th=[    59], 50.00th=[    72], 60.00th=[    89],
     | 70.00th=[   111], 80.00th=[   135], 90.00th=[   172], 95.00th=[   255],
     | 99.00th=[  2573], 99.50th=[  4080], 99.90th=[  9896], 99.95th=[ 70779],
     | 99.99th=[101188]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3248, max=37563, per=6.49%, avg=14223.85, stdev=9746.95, samples=60
   iops        : min=  812, max= 9390, avg=3555.80, stdev=2436.81, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3549, BW=13.9MiB/s (14.5MB/s)(416MiB/30015msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=567819, avg=6055.89, stdev=3865.05
    clat (usec): min=340, max=199801, avg=8785.84, stdev=14626.99
     lat (usec): min=362, max=199808, avg=8791.90, stdev=14626.95
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   693],  5.00th=[   955], 10.00th=[  1401], 20.00th=[  2278],
     | 30.00th=[  2868], 40.00th=[  3359], 50.00th=[  3785], 60.00th=[  4817],
     | 70.00th=[  7046], 80.00th=[ 12387], 90.00th=[ 20579], 95.00th=[ 26084],
     | 99.00th=[ 89654], 99.50th=[102237], 99.90th=[139461], 99.95th=[149947],
     | 99.99th=[191890]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3088, max=36817, per=6.48%, avg=14213.55, stdev=9605.88, samples=60
   iops        : min=  772, max= 9204, avg=3553.27, stdev=2401.53, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 10=0.01%, 20=0.19%, 50=14.72%, 100=17.87%, 250=14.70%
  lat (usec)   : 500=1.07%, 750=1.14%, 1000=2.30%
  lat (msec)   : 2=5.46%, 4=19.10%, 10=11.72%, 20=6.30%, 50=4.34%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.81%, 250=0.31%
  cpu          : usr=2.26%, sys=11.27%, ctx=134023, majf=0, minf=256
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=106661,106552,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666590: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3207, BW=12.5MiB/s (13.1MB/s)(376MiB/30042msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=656727, avg=5848.89, stdev=4586.04
    clat (usec): min=3, max=189538, avg=209.78, stdev=2332.41
     lat (usec): min=16, max=189542, avg=215.63, stdev=2332.41
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    39], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    51], 40.00th=[    60], 50.00th=[    74], 60.00th=[    92],
     | 70.00th=[   114], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   174], 95.00th=[   262],
     | 99.00th=[  2540], 99.50th=[  4047], 99.90th=[ 11469], 99.95th=[ 66323],
     | 99.99th=[102237]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3656, max=33912, per=5.87%, avg=12850.42, stdev=8451.76, samples=60
   iops        : min=  914, max= 8478, avg=3212.45, stdev=2112.91, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3206, BW=12.5MiB/s (13.1MB/s)(376MiB/30042msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1956, max=2787.6k, avg=6283.83, stdev=9885.63
    clat (usec): min=380, max=270625, avg=9753.35, stdev=16849.45
     lat (usec): min=387, max=270629, avg=9759.63, stdev=16849.41
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   742],  5.00th=[  1004], 10.00th=[  1631], 20.00th=[  2540],
     | 30.00th=[  3064], 40.00th=[  3490], 50.00th=[  3916], 60.00th=[  5080],
     | 70.00th=[  7635], 80.00th=[ 13960], 90.00th=[ 21627], 95.00th=[ 27919],
     | 99.00th=[ 99091], 99.50th=[108528], 99.90th=[164627], 99.95th=[177210],
     | 99.99th=[270533]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3616, max=33504, per=5.86%, avg=12844.68, stdev=8443.95, samples=60
   iops        : min=  904, max= 8376, avg=3211.02, stdev=2111.03, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.16%, 50=14.27%, 100=17.59%
  lat (usec)   : 250=15.35%, 500=1.09%, 750=0.91%, 1000=2.16%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.34%, 4=19.47%, 10=11.80%, 20=6.76%, 50=4.64%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.98%, 250=0.47%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=1.93%, sys=10.61%, ctx=123744, majf=0, minf=245
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=96359,96318,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666591: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3560, BW=13.9MiB/s (14.6MB/s)(417MiB/30015msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=544561, avg=5744.24, stdev=4511.81
    clat (usec): min=3, max=141924, avg=204.56, stdev=2166.70
     lat (usec): min=17, max=141931, avg=210.31, stdev=2166.70
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   25],  5.00th=[   35], 10.00th=[   39], 20.00th=[   45],
     | 30.00th=[   51], 40.00th=[   59], 50.00th=[   73], 60.00th=[   90],
     | 70.00th=[  112], 80.00th=[  135], 90.00th=[  174], 95.00th=[  262],
     | 99.00th=[ 2540], 99.50th=[ 4080], 99.90th=[11469], 99.95th=[60556],
     | 99.99th=[99091]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2597, max=40304, per=6.51%, avg=14250.35, stdev=9755.99, samples=60
   iops        : min=  649, max=10076, avg=3562.45, stdev=2439.00, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3556, BW=13.9MiB/s (14.6MB/s)(417MiB/30015msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1816, max=424362, avg=6123.52, stdev=3690.32
    clat (usec): min=335, max=253125, avg=8790.95, stdev=15033.96
     lat (usec): min=340, max=253130, avg=8797.07, stdev=15033.97
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   693],  5.00th=[  1004], 10.00th=[  1598], 20.00th=[  2409],
     | 30.00th=[  2933], 40.00th=[  3392], 50.00th=[  3851], 60.00th=[  4948],
     | 70.00th=[  7308], 80.00th=[ 12518], 90.00th=[ 20317], 95.00th=[ 25035],
     | 99.00th=[ 89654], 99.50th=[111674], 99.90th=[164627], 99.95th=[198181],
     | 99.99th=[217056]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2300, max=39296, per=6.50%, avg=14238.85, stdev=9682.15, samples=60
   iops        : min=  575, max= 9824, avg=3559.60, stdev=2420.55, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.15%, 50=14.30%, 100=18.04%
  lat (usec)   : 250=14.91%, 500=1.11%, 750=1.09%, 1000=1.99%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.93%, 4=19.38%, 10=12.03%, 20=6.91%, 50=4.16%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.66%, 250=0.34%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=2.15%, sys=11.69%, ctx=138269, majf=0, minf=242
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=106864,106747,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666592: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3221, BW=12.6MiB/s (13.2MB/s)(378MiB/30016msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1466, max=966548, avg=5798.37, stdev=4876.93
    clat (usec): min=3, max=140069, avg=216.76, stdev=2260.75
     lat (usec): min=14, max=140077, avg=222.56, stdev=2260.75
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   25],  5.00th=[   35], 10.00th=[   39], 20.00th=[   45],
     | 30.00th=[   51], 40.00th=[   60], 50.00th=[   75], 60.00th=[   94],
     | 70.00th=[  116], 80.00th=[  139], 90.00th=[  180], 95.00th=[  273],
     | 99.00th=[ 2704], 99.50th=[ 4146], 99.90th=[18220], 99.95th=[68682],
     | 99.99th=[98042]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3672, max=30152, per=5.89%, avg=12896.05, stdev=7609.87, samples=60
   iops        : min=  918, max= 7538, avg=3223.87, stdev=1902.50, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3254, BW=12.7MiB/s (13.3MB/s)(382MiB/30016msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=641, avg= 6.22, stdev= 4.63
    clat (usec): min=332, max=242928, avg=9606.26, stdev=16131.99
     lat (usec): min=336, max=242932, avg=9612.47, stdev=16131.97
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   701],  5.00th=[  1106], 10.00th=[  1844], 20.00th=[  2606],
     | 30.00th=[  3163], 40.00th=[  3556], 50.00th=[  3982], 60.00th=[  5276],
     | 70.00th=[  8225], 80.00th=[ 13960], 90.00th=[ 20841], 95.00th=[ 26608],
     | 99.00th=[ 94897], 99.50th=[108528], 99.90th=[154141], 99.95th=[181404],
     | 99.99th=[238027]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3672, max=29170, per=5.94%, avg=13029.57, stdev=7634.26, samples=60
   iops        : min=  918, max= 7292, avg=3257.23, stdev=1908.59, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 20=0.15%, 50=14.01%, 100=17.18%, 250=15.61%
  lat (usec)   : 500=1.23%, 750=1.06%, 1000=1.61%
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.97%, 4=19.89%, 10=12.14%, 20=7.44%, 50=4.43%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.92%, 250=0.37%
  cpu          : usr=2.03%, sys=10.74%, ctx=127725, majf=0, minf=274
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=96711,97689,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666593: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3367, BW=13.2MiB/s (13.8MB/s)(396MiB/30082msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1815, max=1963.4k, avg=6034.93, stdev=9442.41
    clat (nsec): min=1886, max=156086k, avg=217625.39, stdev=2334139.10
     lat (usec): min=14, max=156089, avg=223.66, stdev=2334.15
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    35], 10.00th=[    39], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    52], 40.00th=[    61], 50.00th=[    76], 60.00th=[    95],
     | 70.00th=[   117], 80.00th=[   141], 90.00th=[   186], 95.00th=[   297],
     | 99.00th=[  2769], 99.50th=[  4228], 99.90th=[  8979], 99.95th=[ 63701],
     | 99.99th=[101188]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3920, max=35448, per=6.17%, avg=13506.83, stdev=8590.06, samples=60
   iops        : min=  980, max= 8862, avg=3376.57, stdev=2147.55, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3351, BW=13.1MiB/s (13.7MB/s)(394MiB/30082msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=2305.6k, avg=6418.36, stdev=8800.13
    clat (usec): min=276, max=258723, avg=9331.98, stdev=15020.92
     lat (usec): min=281, max=258728, avg=9338.40, stdev=15020.89
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   750],  5.00th=[  1156], 10.00th=[  1811], 20.00th=[  2540],
     | 30.00th=[  3064], 40.00th=[  3523], 50.00th=[  4015], 60.00th=[  5538],
     | 70.00th=[  8455], 80.00th=[ 13960], 90.00th=[ 21103], 95.00th=[ 26346],
     | 99.00th=[ 88605], 99.50th=[102237], 99.90th=[175113], 99.95th=[191890],
     | 99.99th=[256902]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 4200, max=35088, per=6.13%, avg=13443.90, stdev=8532.64, samples=60
   iops        : min= 1050, max= 8772, avg=3360.85, stdev=2133.23, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.15%, 50=13.85%
  lat (usec)   : 100=17.46%, 250=15.57%, 500=1.37%, 750=0.90%, 1000=1.54%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.69%, 4=19.04%, 10=12.21%, 20=7.41%, 50=4.68%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.85%, 250=0.26%, 500=0.02%
  cpu          : usr=2.34%, sys=11.07%, ctx=133450, majf=0, minf=341
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=101292,100822,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666594: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3475, BW=13.6MiB/s (14.2MB/s)(407MiB/30011msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1956, max=562511, avg=5756.10, stdev=4235.63
    clat (usec): min=3, max=273602, avg=229.76, stdev=2693.05
     lat (usec): min=17, max=273607, avg=235.52, stdev=2693.04
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    38], 20.00th=[    44],
     | 30.00th=[    50], 40.00th=[    58], 50.00th=[    70], 60.00th=[    88],
     | 70.00th=[   111], 80.00th=[   135], 90.00th=[   176], 95.00th=[   265],
     | 99.00th=[  2802], 99.50th=[  4228], 99.90th=[ 33162], 99.95th=[ 76022],
     | 99.99th=[106431]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3624, max=38472, per=6.35%, avg=13908.55, stdev=9154.12, samples=60
   iops        : min=  906, max= 9618, avg=3477.02, stdev=2288.57, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3485, BW=13.6MiB/s (14.3MB/s)(409MiB/30011msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=2318, avg= 6.20, stdev= 8.56
    clat (usec): min=382, max=154913, avg=8939.56, stdev=14337.25
     lat (usec): min=392, max=154918, avg=8945.76, stdev=14337.21
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   693],  5.00th=[   988], 10.00th=[  1483], 20.00th=[  2474],
     | 30.00th=[  3032], 40.00th=[  3458], 50.00th=[  3916], 60.00th=[  5080],
     | 70.00th=[  7701], 80.00th=[ 13042], 90.00th=[ 20317], 95.00th=[ 25822],
     | 99.00th=[ 89654], 99.50th=[102237], 99.90th=[143655], 99.95th=[147850],
     | 99.99th=[154141]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3256, max=37712, per=6.36%, avg=13949.73, stdev=9153.46, samples=60
   iops        : min=  814, max= 9428, avg=3487.30, stdev=2288.41, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.18%, 50=14.92%, 100=17.70%
  lat (usec)   : 250=14.46%, 500=1.15%, 750=1.12%, 1000=2.04%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.90%, 4=18.96%, 10=12.07%, 20=7.24%, 50=4.18%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.81%, 250=0.29%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=2.09%, sys=11.43%, ctx=134473, majf=0, minf=279
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=104317,104598,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666595: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3286, BW=12.8MiB/s (13.5MB/s)(385MiB/30021msec)
    slat (usec): min=2, max=396, avg= 5.79, stdev= 4.05
    clat (usec): min=3, max=183173, avg=221.68, stdev=2441.54
     lat (usec): min=16, max=183177, avg=227.47, stdev=2441.54
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    35], 10.00th=[    39], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    51], 40.00th=[    60], 50.00th=[    75], 60.00th=[    93],
     | 70.00th=[   115], 80.00th=[   139], 90.00th=[   180], 95.00th=[   265],
     | 99.00th=[  2835], 99.50th=[  4293], 99.90th=[ 20841], 99.95th=[ 67634],
     | 99.99th=[109577]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3062, max=36736, per=6.01%, avg=13155.65, stdev=9094.15, samples=60
   iops        : min=  765, max= 9184, avg=3288.77, stdev=2273.60, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3302, BW=12.9MiB/s (13.5MB/s)(387MiB/30021msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=670, avg= 6.22, stdev= 4.77
    clat (usec): min=187, max=203795, avg=9445.49, stdev=15555.00
     lat (usec): min=191, max=203800, avg=9451.71, stdev=15555.00
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   775],  5.00th=[  1156], 10.00th=[  1696], 20.00th=[  2540],
     | 30.00th=[  3064], 40.00th=[  3458], 50.00th=[  3884], 60.00th=[  5145],
     | 70.00th=[  7898], 80.00th=[ 13566], 90.00th=[ 21103], 95.00th=[ 27395],
     | 99.00th=[ 95945], 99.50th=[105382], 99.90th=[137364], 99.95th=[164627],
     | 99.99th=[200279]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3575, max=37520, per=6.03%, avg=13226.02, stdev=9135.50, samples=60
   iops        : min=  893, max= 9380, avg=3306.40, stdev=2283.91, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.16%, 50=14.09%, 100=17.35%
  lat (usec)   : 250=15.57%, 500=1.18%, 750=0.71%, 1000=1.71%
  lat (msec)   : 2=5.11%, 4=19.70%, 10=11.42%, 20=7.21%, 50=4.50%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.93%, 250=0.37%
  cpu          : usr=2.24%, sys=10.72%, ctx=130150, majf=0, minf=241
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=98657,99157,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666596: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3341, BW=13.1MiB/s (13.7MB/s)(392MiB/30010msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=3315.2k, avg=5997.87, stdev=11998.10
    clat (nsec): min=1885, max=258671k, avg=216319.22, stdev=2554218.14
     lat (usec): min=16, max=258680, avg=222.32, stdev=2554.29
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    35], 10.00th=[    39], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    51], 40.00th=[    61], 50.00th=[    75], 60.00th=[    94],
     | 70.00th=[   116], 80.00th=[   141], 90.00th=[   184], 95.00th=[   289],
     | 99.00th=[  2573], 99.50th=[  4080], 99.90th=[  8979], 99.95th=[ 64750],
     | 99.99th=[109577]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3664, max=35664, per=6.11%, avg=13375.27, stdev=8555.43, samples=60
   iops        : min=  916, max= 8916, avg=3343.73, stdev=2138.88, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3356, BW=13.1MiB/s (13.8MB/s)(394MiB/30010msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=995, avg= 6.36, stdev= 6.18
    clat (usec): min=361, max=268754, avg=9321.04, stdev=14916.18
     lat (usec): min=368, max=268759, avg=9327.40, stdev=14916.19
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   832],  5.00th=[  1237], 10.00th=[  1811], 20.00th=[  2573],
     | 30.00th=[  3097], 40.00th=[  3556], 50.00th=[  4015], 60.00th=[  5473],
     | 70.00th=[  8586], 80.00th=[ 14091], 90.00th=[ 21103], 95.00th=[ 26346],
     | 99.00th=[ 87557], 99.50th=[106431], 99.90th=[154141], 99.95th=[189793],
     | 99.99th=[265290]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3944, max=35504, per=6.13%, avg=13438.78, stdev=8656.23, samples=60
   iops        : min=  986, max= 8876, avg=3359.57, stdev=2164.08, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.17%, 50=13.89%
  lat (usec)   : 100=17.29%, 250=15.49%, 500=1.34%, 750=0.65%, 1000=1.47%
  lat (msec)   : 2=5.00%, 4=19.15%, 10=11.99%, 20=7.79%, 50=4.70%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.72%, 250=0.31%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=2.19%, sys=11.13%, ctx=133484, majf=0, minf=231
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=100290,100734,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666597: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3522, BW=13.8MiB/s (14.4MB/s)(413MiB/30010msec)
    slat (usec): min=2, max=633, avg= 5.76, stdev= 5.80
    clat (usec): min=2, max=266659, avg=223.97, stdev=2696.10
     lat (usec): min=14, max=266663, avg=229.74, stdev=2696.09
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    35], 10.00th=[    39], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    50], 40.00th=[    59], 50.00th=[    72], 60.00th=[    90],
     | 70.00th=[   111], 80.00th=[   135], 90.00th=[   169], 95.00th=[   255],
     | 99.00th=[  2606], 99.50th=[  4015], 99.90th=[ 28705], 99.95th=[ 74974],
     | 99.99th=[107480]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3959, max=37370, per=6.44%, avg=14099.33, stdev=9243.02, samples=60
   iops        : min=  989, max= 9342, avg=3524.70, stdev=2310.77, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3545, BW=13.9MiB/s (14.5MB/s)(416MiB/30010msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=515, avg= 6.17, stdev= 4.35
    clat (usec): min=239, max=284389, avg=8836.06, stdev=14304.55
     lat (usec): min=242, max=284394, avg=8842.23, stdev=14304.55
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   709],  5.00th=[  1004], 10.00th=[  1565], 20.00th=[  2442],
     | 30.00th=[  2999], 40.00th=[  3458], 50.00th=[  3916], 60.00th=[  5145],
     | 70.00th=[  7832], 80.00th=[ 12911], 90.00th=[ 20579], 95.00th=[ 25560],
     | 99.00th=[ 85459], 99.50th=[100140], 99.90th=[139461], 99.95th=[173016],
     | 99.99th=[235930]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 4344, max=39006, per=6.48%, avg=14195.52, stdev=9347.34, samples=60
   iops        : min= 1086, max= 9751, avg=3548.73, stdev=2336.87, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.16%, 50=14.52%, 100=17.88%
  lat (usec)   : 250=14.72%, 500=1.04%, 750=0.97%, 1000=2.08%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.95%, 4=19.10%, 10=11.88%, 20=7.30%, 50=4.40%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.73%, 250=0.26%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=2.19%, sys=11.60%, ctx=139155, majf=0, minf=282
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=105712,106401,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666598: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3442, BW=13.4MiB/s (14.1MB/s)(404MiB/30012msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=1131.2k, avg=5791.94, stdev=5181.83
    clat (usec): min=4, max=140355, avg=213.46, stdev=2339.42
     lat (usec): min=16, max=140360, avg=219.25, stdev=2339.42
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    38], 20.00th=[    44],
     | 30.00th=[    50], 40.00th=[    58], 50.00th=[    71], 60.00th=[    89],
     | 70.00th=[   112], 80.00th=[   135], 90.00th=[   176], 95.00th=[   262],
     | 99.00th=[  2606], 99.50th=[  4047], 99.90th=[ 18482], 99.95th=[ 63177],
     | 99.99th=[107480]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3264, max=33928, per=6.29%, avg=13779.63, stdev=8850.53, samples=60
   iops        : min=  816, max= 8482, avg=3444.77, stdev=2212.64, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3435, BW=13.4MiB/s (14.1MB/s)(403MiB/30012msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=332, avg= 6.17, stdev= 3.68
    clat (usec): min=375, max=213354, avg=9100.29, stdev=15111.25
     lat (usec): min=390, max=213362, avg=9106.46, stdev=15111.25
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   701],  5.00th=[   979], 10.00th=[  1614], 20.00th=[  2474],
     | 30.00th=[  3032], 40.00th=[  3490], 50.00th=[  3982], 60.00th=[  5342],
     | 70.00th=[  7767], 80.00th=[ 12911], 90.00th=[ 20579], 95.00th=[ 26346],
     | 99.00th=[ 91751], 99.50th=[105382], 99.90th=[158335], 99.95th=[164627],
     | 99.99th=[210764]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 3448, max=34368, per=6.28%, avg=13756.97, stdev=8715.76, samples=60
   iops        : min=  862, max= 8592, avg=3439.08, stdev=2178.95, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 10=0.01%, 20=0.17%, 50=15.02%, 100=17.51%, 250=14.69%
  lat (usec)   : 500=1.14%, 750=1.07%, 1000=2.14%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.52%, 4=18.65%, 10=12.57%, 20=7.09%, 50=4.36%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.71%, 250=0.37%
  cpu          : usr=2.28%, sys=11.11%, ctx=133267, majf=0, minf=192
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=103317,103115,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666599: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3359, BW=13.1MiB/s (13.8MB/s)(394MiB/30008msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1885, max=424921, avg=5739.68, stdev=4584.59
    clat (nsec): min=1816, max=180381k, avg=217406.73, stdev=2380796.54
     lat (usec): min=15, max=180386, avg=223.15, stdev=2380.80
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    35], 10.00th=[    39], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    51], 40.00th=[    60], 50.00th=[    75], 60.00th=[    93],
     | 70.00th=[   115], 80.00th=[   139], 90.00th=[   178], 95.00th=[   273],
     | 99.00th=[  2769], 99.50th=[  4178], 99.90th=[ 18220], 99.95th=[ 66847],
     | 99.99th=[104334]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2840, max=34536, per=6.14%, avg=13445.93, stdev=8391.27, samples=60
   iops        : min=  710, max= 8634, avg=3361.37, stdev=2097.87, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3353, BW=13.1MiB/s (13.7MB/s)(393MiB/30008msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=754, avg= 6.15, stdev= 4.82
    clat (usec): min=505, max=186449, avg=9343.92, stdev=14897.01
     lat (usec): min=515, max=186453, avg=9350.07, stdev=14896.96
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   783],  5.00th=[  1188], 10.00th=[  1844], 20.00th=[  2573],
     | 30.00th=[  3064], 40.00th=[  3490], 50.00th=[  3916], 60.00th=[  5342],
     | 70.00th=[  8586], 80.00th=[ 13698], 90.00th=[ 21103], 95.00th=[ 26608],
     | 99.00th=[ 89654], 99.50th=[107480], 99.90th=[145753], 99.95th=[149947],
     | 99.99th=[183501]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2968, max=33568, per=6.12%, avg=13424.22, stdev=8298.43, samples=60
   iops        : min=  742, max= 8392, avg=3355.95, stdev=2074.66, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.15%, 50=14.15%
  lat (usec)   : 100=17.47%, 250=15.47%, 500=1.22%, 750=0.69%, 1000=1.60%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.46%, 4=20.11%, 10=11.19%, 20=7.81%, 50=4.56%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.81%, 250=0.33%
  cpu          : usr=2.14%, sys=11.05%, ctx=134928, majf=0, minf=207
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=100818,100623,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666600: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3488, BW=13.6MiB/s (14.3MB/s)(409MiB/30013msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1886, max=560136, avg=5739.44, stdev=4559.03
    clat (usec): min=2, max=202697, avg=213.21, stdev=2461.10
     lat (usec): min=16, max=202701, avg=218.95, stdev=2461.10
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    38], 20.00th=[    45],
     | 30.00th=[    51], 40.00th=[    60], 50.00th=[    74], 60.00th=[    92],
     | 70.00th=[   114], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   176], 95.00th=[   262],
     | 99.00th=[  2507], 99.50th=[  4146], 99.90th=[ 15270], 99.95th=[ 68682],
     | 99.99th=[114820]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2925, max=37120, per=6.38%, avg=13965.20, stdev=9522.25, samples=60
   iops        : min=  731, max= 9280, avg=3491.17, stdev=2380.62, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3456, BW=13.5MiB/s (14.2MB/s)(405MiB/30013msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1885, max=1330.4k, avg=6170.97, stdev=6417.24
    clat (usec): min=377, max=213422, avg=9029.65, stdev=14853.32
     lat (usec): min=383, max=213426, avg=9035.82, stdev=14853.31
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   717],  5.00th=[  1012], 10.00th=[  1516], 20.00th=[  2442],
     | 30.00th=[  3032], 40.00th=[  3458], 50.00th=[  3884], 60.00th=[  4948],
     | 70.00th=[  7308], 80.00th=[ 13435], 90.00th=[ 20841], 95.00th=[ 26084],
     | 99.00th=[ 92799], 99.50th=[101188], 99.90th=[137364], 99.95th=[170918],
     | 99.99th=[212861]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2917, max=35472, per=6.31%, avg=13838.30, stdev=9315.22, samples=60
   iops        : min=  729, max= 8868, avg=3459.43, stdev=2328.85, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.18%, 50=14.55%, 100=17.48%
  lat (usec)   : 250=15.38%, 500=1.12%, 750=0.99%, 1000=2.03%
  lat (msec)   : 2=5.12%, 4=18.98%, 10=11.79%, 20=6.76%, 50=4.59%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.76%, 250=0.29%
  cpu          : usr=2.19%, sys=11.23%, ctx=134628, majf=0, minf=257
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=104705,103727,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3666601: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=3601, BW=14.1MiB/s (14.8MB/s)(422MiB/30008msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1816, max=424362, avg=5629.31, stdev=4001.49
    clat (usec): min=3, max=164130, avg=209.60, stdev=2259.24
     lat (usec): min=15, max=164134, avg=215.23, stdev=2259.24
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    25],  5.00th=[    34], 10.00th=[    38], 20.00th=[    44],
     | 30.00th=[    50], 40.00th=[    58], 50.00th=[    71], 60.00th=[    88],
     | 70.00th=[   109], 80.00th=[   133], 90.00th=[   172], 95.00th=[   251],
     | 99.00th=[  2573], 99.50th=[  4113], 99.90th=[ 17695], 99.95th=[ 64226],
     | 99.99th=[100140]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2492, max=36176, per=6.58%, avg=14418.30, stdev=9848.89, samples=60
   iops        : min=  623, max= 9044, avg=3604.47, stdev=2462.28, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3593, BW=14.0MiB/s (14.7MB/s)(421MiB/30008msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=2, max=695, avg= 6.06, stdev= 4.44
    clat (usec): min=412, max=256891, avg=8700.35, stdev=14373.71
     lat (usec): min=435, max=256895, avg=8706.41, stdev=14373.74
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   750],  5.00th=[  1029], 10.00th=[  1516], 20.00th=[  2376],
     | 30.00th=[  2933], 40.00th=[  3425], 50.00th=[  3884], 60.00th=[  5080],
     | 70.00th=[  7570], 80.00th=[ 12911], 90.00th=[ 19792], 95.00th=[ 25035],
     | 99.00th=[ 88605], 99.50th=[103285], 99.90th=[154141], 99.95th=[179307],
     | 99.99th=[252707]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2837, max=36224, per=6.56%, avg=14383.68, stdev=9781.13, samples=60
   iops        : min=  709, max= 9056, avg=3595.78, stdev=2445.36, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.15%, 50=15.04%, 100=17.95%
  lat (usec)   : 250=14.40%, 500=1.00%, 750=0.82%, 1000=2.09%
  lat (msec)   : 2=5.47%, 4=18.85%, 10=11.89%, 20=7.38%, 50=4.11%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.59%, 250=0.29%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=2.30%, sys=11.53%, ctx=142187, majf=0, minf=261
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=108080,107821,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q1T1: (groupid=3, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=3668147: Thu Sep 24 17:13:03 2026
  read: IOPS=107, BW=431KiB/s (441kB/s)(12.6MiB/30001msec)
    slat (nsec): min=2444, max=33106, avg=6092.80, stdev=2137.71
    clat (usec): min=32, max=138466, avg=4609.26, stdev=12047.26
     lat (usec): min=35, max=138472, avg=4615.35, stdev=12047.30
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    39],  5.00th=[    48], 10.00th=[    58], 20.00th=[   685],
     | 30.00th=[   742], 40.00th=[   816], 50.00th=[   898], 60.00th=[   971],
     | 70.00th=[  1221], 80.00th=[  1565], 90.00th=[  4752], 95.00th=[ 37487],
     | 99.00th=[ 50594], 99.50th=[ 58983], 99.90th=[ 92799], 99.95th=[125305],
     | 99.99th=[139461]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  152, max= 1202, per=99.85%, avg=430.73, stdev=213.53, samples=60
   iops        : min=   38, max=  300, avg=107.67, stdev=53.34, samples=60
  write: IOPS=104, BW=417KiB/s (427kB/s)(12.2MiB/30001msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=2374, max=43512, avg=6370.66, stdev=2309.50
    clat (usec): min=35, max=97575, avg=4811.75, stdev=11855.18
     lat (usec): min=43, max=97581, avg=4818.12, stdev=11855.27
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   51],  5.00th=[   63], 10.00th=[   82], 20.00th=[  676],
     | 30.00th=[  734], 40.00th=[  799], 50.00th=[  889], 60.00th=[  963],
     | 70.00th=[ 1205], 80.00th=[ 1598], 90.00th=[15926], 95.00th=[38011],
     | 99.00th=[47449], 99.50th=[55837], 99.90th=[73925], 99.95th=[87557],
     | 99.99th=[98042]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  160, max= 1416, per=99.84%, avg=416.63, stdev=223.01, samples=60
   iops        : min=   40, max=  354, avg=104.13, stdev=55.72, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 50=3.54%, 100=7.63%, 250=0.36%, 750=20.68%, 1000=29.99%
  lat (msec)   : 2=23.07%, 4=4.20%, 10=0.72%, 20=0.33%, 50=8.51%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.91%, 250=0.05%
  cpu          : usr=0.13%, sys=0.51%, ctx=6356, majf=0, minf=37
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=3230,3125,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=207MiB/s (217MB/s), 207MiB/s-207MiB/s (217MB/s-217MB/s), io=6222MiB (6524MB), run=30034-30034msec
  WRITE: bw=207MiB/s (217MB/s), 207MiB/s-207MiB/s (217MB/s-217MB/s), io=6224MiB (6526MB), run=30034-30034msec

Run status group 1 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=118MiB/s (124MB/s), 118MiB/s-118MiB/s (124MB/s-124MB/s), io=3536MiB (3708MB), run=30003-30003msec
  WRITE: bw=122MiB/s (128MB/s), 122MiB/s-122MiB/s (128MB/s-128MB/s), io=3660MiB (3838MB), run=30003-30003msec

Run status group 2 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=214MiB/s (224MB/s), 12.5MiB/s-14.1MiB/s (13.1MB/s-14.8MB/s), io=6434MiB (6747MB), run=30008-30082msec
  WRITE: bw=214MiB/s (224MB/s), 12.5MiB/s-14.0MiB/s (13.1MB/s-14.7MB/s), io=6439MiB (6752MB), run=30008-30082msec

Run status group 3 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=431KiB/s (441kB/s), 431KiB/s-431KiB/s (441kB/s-441kB/s), io=12.6MiB (13.2MB), run=30001-30001msec
  WRITE: bw=417KiB/s (427kB/s), 417KiB/s-417KiB/s (427kB/s-427kB/s), io=12.2MiB (12.8MB), run=30001-30001msec
Based on your outputs I suspect your issue is because the drives native block size is 4096-byte sectors but /dev/nvme0n1 and /dev/nvme1n1 are currently formatted with 512-byte sectors (LBA Format 0), this which triggers massive file-system overhead and drastically slows down ZFS, Ceph, Proxmox, etc virtual disk allocations because it causes massive CPU overhead and creates block-alignment amplification issues.

Convert them to 4096-byte sectors (LBA Format 1) and it should drastically lower your CPU utilization and eliminate the block-alignment amplification going on and then you should get proper NVMe speeds.

When dealing with these sorts of performance issues these days I am honestly shocked/amazed how anyone can simply paste "Troubleshoot terrible nvme drive performance" in any AI these days followed with log outputs like you supplied and in mere seconds supplies a likely culprit that would take hours for an seasoned storage engineer to comb thru logs and analyze a few years ago.
 
Last edited:

luckylinux

Well-Known Member
Mar 18, 2012
1,820
607
113
Based on your outputs I suspect your issue is because the drives native block size is 4096-byte sectors but /dev/nvme0n1 and /dev/nvme1n1 are currently formatted with 512-byte sectors (LBA Format 0), this which triggers massive file-system overhead and drastically slows down ZFS, Ceph, Proxmox, etc virtual disk allocations because it causes massive CPU overhead and creates block-alignment amplification issues.

Convert them to 4096-byte sectors (LBA Format 1) and it should drastically lower your CPU utilization and eliminate the block-alignment amplification going on and then you should get proper NVMe speeds.

When dealing with these sorts of performance issues these days I am honestly shocked/amazed how anyone can simply paste "Troubleshoot terrible nvme drive performance" in any AI these days followed with log outputs like you supplied and in mere seconds supplies a likely culprit that would take hours for an seasoned storage engineer to comb thru logs and analyze a few years ago.
That's also what Google Gemini suggested. But given the number of false positives of any AI on any Topic (e.g. Docker Containers, Linux, Configuration in general, etc) I was very skeptical ;) .

Especially because I think all the SATA Drives that I am using are 512n and I don't have this kind of Issues there. Should I convert them to 4096 as well ??? I am always using ashift=12.

Code:
root@ubuntu:/# smartctl -a /dev/disk/by-id/ata-Micron_5200_MTFDDAK1T9TDC_20XXXXXXXXXX | grep -i sector
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
When you say "Convert them to 4096-byte Sectors (LBA Format 1)" that basically means Backup to remote ZFS Pool + LBA Format + Restore ZFS Pool.

There might be something to do with LUKS Crypt Device too (maybe it will be picked up automatically after the LBA Format and switched to 4096 bytes):
Code:
root@pve:~# cryptsetup status nvme-Micron_7300_MTFDHBE3T2TDG_1946XXXXXXX_root_crypt
/dev/mapper/nvme-Micron_7300_MTFDHBE3T2TDG_1946XXXXXXX_root_crypt is active and is in use.
  type:    LUKS2
  cipher:  aes-xts-plain64
  keysize: 512 bits
  key location: keyring
  device:  /dev/nvme1n1p4
  sector size:  512
  offset:  32768 sectors
  size:    6243721216 sectors
  mode:    read/write
  flags:   discards
 

jhartbarger

Active Member
Jan 5, 2022
124
159
43
That's also what Google Gemini suggested. But given the number of false positives of any AI on any Topic (e.g. Docker Containers, Linux, Configuration in general, etc) I was very skeptical ;) .

Especially because I think all the SATA Drives that I am using are 512n and I don't have this kind of Issues there. Should I convert them to 4096 as well ??? I am always using ashift=12.

Code:
root@ubuntu:/# smartctl -a /dev/disk/by-id/ata-Micron_5200_MTFDDAK1T9TDC_20XXXXXXXXXX | grep -i sector
Sector Sizes:     512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
When you say "Convert them to 4096-byte Sectors (LBA Format 1)" that basically means Backup to remote ZFS Pool + LBA Format + Restore ZFS Pool.

There might be something to do with LUKS Crypt Device too (maybe it will be picked up automatically after the LBA Format and switched to 4096 bytes):
Code:
root@pve:~# cryptsetup status nvme-Micron_7300_MTFDHBE3T2TDG_1946XXXXXXX_root_crypt
/dev/mapper/nvme-Micron_7300_MTFDHBE3T2TDG_1946XXXXXXX_root_crypt is active and is in use.
  type:    LUKS2
  cipher:  aes-xts-plain64
  keysize: 512 bits
  key location: keyring
  device:  /dev/nvme1n1p4
  sector size:  512
  offset:  32768 sectors
  size:    6243721216 sectors
  mode:    read/write
  flags:   discards
Yes you will have to backup the data on the drives and then run the below cmds, if the encryption key was residual from their previous life use the second option in step 2

1. sudo nvme id-ns /dev/nvme0n1 -H <---shows you what options the drive can utilize
2a. sudo nvme format /dev/nvme0n1 --lbaf=1 <--- sets the LBA Format and formats 4k
2b. sudo nvme format /dev/nvme0n1 --lbaf=1 --ses=2 <--- sets the LBA Format, wipes encryption key, formats to 4k
3. sudo nvme id-ns /dev/nvme0n1 -H | grep -i "in use" <--- shows what it is set to now

SATA drives are 512e (emulated) because they take 1 4096k block and presents 8x512k emulated blocks for legacy compatibility thus making the controller keep track of everything and that burns CPU cycles and then change just 1K in any one of those 8 512e pages and the controller re-writes the entire 4096k block which equals write amplification and wears the nand faster.

Instead you are formatting the drive in natively sized 4096k blocks and will make things way faster and preserve a ton of wear on your NVME drives
 
Last edited:

luckylinux

Well-Known Member
Mar 18, 2012
1,820
607
113
Yes you will have to backup the data on the drives and then run the below cmds, if the encryption key was residual from their previous life use the second option in step 2
Thanks :) . I am currently backing up to another Server.

2a. sudo nvme format /dev/nvme0n1 --lbaf=1 <--- sets the LBA Format and formats 4k
2b. sudo nvme format /dev/nvme0n1 --lbaf=1 --ses=2 <--- sets the LBA Format, wipes encryption key, formats to 4k
Not sure if difference matters (2a or 2b), if I use LUKS anyways, or ?

Yeah SATA drives are 512n because they take 1 4096k page and presents 8x512k pages size for legacy compatibility thus making the controller keep track of everything and that burns CPU cycles and change just 1K in any one of those 8 512k pages and the controller re-writes the entire 4096k block which is write amplification and wears the nand faster.
I think you mean CPU Cycles of the SSD Controlller ? If the Drive presents itself as 512n and the OS handles it like a 512n Drive, then why should the OS think or do anything different ? The SSD Controller's CPU might be overworked though.

I follow you on the Write Amplification and Performance Impact of NVMe Sector Size Mismatch, less so on the SATA.

Would you then recommend to reformat also SATA SSD to 4096 logical instead (assuming that's possible) ? I'm pretty sure this is done with SAS SSDs (e.g. NetApp / Dell to make them usable on standard HBA), not sure if this is also an Option for SATA though.

Though ... not sure if that would change write Amplification. If the Sector is 4096 and I change only 1024, the entire 4096 will have to be rewritten anyway, or ?
 

jhartbarger

Active Member
Jan 5, 2022
124
159
43
Thanks :) . I am currently backing up to another Server.


Not sure if difference matters (2a or 2b), if I use LUKS anyways, or ?


I think you mean CPU Cycles of the SSD Controlller ? If the Drive presents itself as 512n and the OS handles it like a 512n Drive, then why should the OS think or do anything different ? The SSD Controller's CPU might be overworked though.

I follow you on the Write Amplification and Performance Impact of NVMe Sector Size Mismatch, less so on the SATA.

Would you then recommend to reformat also SATA SSD to 4096 logical instead (assuming that's possible) ? I'm pretty sure this is done with SAS SSDs (e.g. NetApp / Dell to make them usable on standard HBA), not sure if this is also an Option for SATA though.

Though ... not sure if that would change write Amplification. If the Sector is 4096 and I change only 1024, the entire 4096 will have to be rewritten anyway, or ?
SATA protocol is handled by the CPU thus burns CPU cycles, overwhelms the sata controller, In 4Ke drive controllers there is an ASIC chip that does most of the heavy lifting because there is so little bandwidth.

I have never seen a consumer SATA SSD drive that supported 4K natively, However some datacenter SATA drives do, you can query the drive and if it supports 4Kn and your utilizing it in a OS that supports 4Kn then YES convert them.

If your utilizing LUKS you don't need to wipe the key
 
Last edited:

luckylinux

Well-Known Member
Mar 18, 2012
1,820
607
113
SATA protocol is handled by the CPU thus burns CPU cycles, overwhelms the sata controller, In 4Ke drive controllers there is an ASIC chip that does most of the heavy lifting because there is so little bandwidth.

I have never seen a consumer SATA SSD drive that supported 4K natively, However some datacenter SATA drives do, you can query the drive and if it supports 4Kn and your utilizing it in a OS that supports 4Kn then YES convert them.

If your utilizing LUKS you don't need to wipe the key
Still quite/very bad performance (after converting to LBA Format 1)
Code:
root@pve:~# fio --time_based --runtime=30 --ramp_time=5 --ioengine=io_uring --direct=1 \
--size=2G --filename=/testfile.fio --stonewall \
--name=SEQ1M_Q8T1 --bs=1m --rw=readwrite --iodepth=8 --numjobs=1 \
--name=SEQ1M_Q1T1 --bs=1m --rw=readwrite --iodepth=1 --numjobs=1 \
--name=RND4K_Q32T16 --bs=4k --rw=randrw --iodepth=32 --numjobs=16 \
--name=RND4K_Q1T1 --bs=4k --rw=randrw --iodepth=1 --numjobs=1
SEQ1M_Q8T1: (g=0): rw=rw, bs=(R) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (W) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (T) 1024KiB-1024KiB, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=8
SEQ1M_Q1T1: (g=1): rw=rw, bs=(R) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (W) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (T) 1024KiB-1024KiB, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=1
RND4K_Q32T16: (g=2): rw=randrw, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=32
...
RND4K_Q1T1: (g=3): rw=randrw, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=1
fio-3.39
Starting 19 processes
SEQ1M_Q8T1: Laying out IO file (1 file / 2048MiB)
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [_(18),m(1)][23.2%][r=2312KiB/s,w=2220KiB/s][r=578,w=555 IOPS][eta 07m:46s]           
SEQ1M_Q8T1: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=9251: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=234, BW=235MiB/s (246MB/s)(7050MiB/30029msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1730, max=274414, avg=4098.74, stdev=3857.10
    clat (usec): min=723, max=159424, avg=5916.62, stdev=14217.84
     lat (usec): min=726, max=159428, avg=5920.72, stdev=14218.05
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   807],  5.00th=[   865], 10.00th=[   906], 20.00th=[   979],
     | 30.00th=[  1037], 40.00th=[  1106], 50.00th=[  1319], 60.00th=[  1647],
     | 70.00th=[  2089], 80.00th=[  3064], 90.00th=[  6456], 95.00th=[ 43254],
     | 99.00th=[ 60031], 99.50th=[ 83362], 99.90th=[117965], 99.95th=[130548],
     | 99.99th=[160433]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=167936, max=323584, per=100.00%, avg=240694.70, stdev=33411.87, samples=60
   iops        : min=  164, max=  316, avg=234.97, stdev=32.61, samples=60
  write: IOPS=235, BW=235MiB/s (247MB/s)(7066MiB/30029msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=21, max=2166, avg=47.44, stdev=59.17
    clat (usec): min=8435, max=67782, avg=28050.63, stdev=5159.53
     lat (usec): min=8522, max=67875, avg=28098.06, stdev=5159.45
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[15139],  5.00th=[19268], 10.00th=[20841], 20.00th=[23987],
     | 30.00th=[25560], 40.00th=[27395], 50.00th=[28443], 60.00th=[29492],
     | 70.00th=[31065], 80.00th=[32375], 90.00th=[33817], 95.00th=[35390],
     | 99.00th=[37487], 99.50th=[40109], 99.90th=[53216], 99.95th=[63701],
     | 99.99th=[67634]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=227328, max=253952, per=100.00%, avg=241035.03, stdev=7686.19, samples=60
   iops        : min=  222, max=  248, avg=235.30, stdev= 7.52, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 750=0.07%, 1000=11.90%
  lat (msec)   : 2=22.19%, 4=8.77%, 10=2.29%, 20=3.23%, 50=50.37%
  lat (msec)   : 100=1.13%, 250=0.11%
  cpu          : usr=1.33%, sys=0.50%, ctx=14118, majf=0, minf=1077
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=100.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=7050,7059,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=8
SEQ1M_Q1T1: (groupid=1, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=9832: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=65, BW=65.5MiB/s (68.7MB/s)(1965MiB/30002msec)
    slat (nsec): min=2170, max=20391, avg=5225.34, stdev=1971.06
    clat (usec): min=692, max=109681, avg=10761.39, stdev=16916.34
     lat (usec): min=695, max=109685, avg=10766.61, stdev=16916.67
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   824],  5.00th=[   881], 10.00th=[   963], 20.00th=[  1074],
     | 30.00th=[  1385], 40.00th=[  1614], 50.00th=[  1893], 60.00th=[  2343],
     | 70.00th=[  3490], 80.00th=[ 31589], 90.00th=[ 40109], 95.00th=[ 44303],
     | 99.00th=[ 57410], 99.50th=[ 72877], 99.90th=[103285], 99.95th=[109577],
     | 99.99th=[109577]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=30720, max=124928, per=100.00%, avg=67089.12, stdev=23331.32, samples=60
   iops        : min=   30, max=  122, avg=65.50, stdev=22.78, samples=60
  write: IOPS=68, BW=68.6MiB/s (71.9MB/s)(2058MiB/30002msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=23, max=267, avg=47.44, stdev=10.67
    clat (usec): min=3904, max=6351, avg=4245.21, stdev=201.44
     lat (usec): min=3961, max=6399, avg=4292.65, stdev=203.39
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 3949],  5.00th=[ 4015], 10.00th=[ 4047], 20.00th=[ 4113],
     | 30.00th=[ 4146], 40.00th=[ 4178], 50.00th=[ 4228], 60.00th=[ 4293],
     | 70.00th=[ 4293], 80.00th=[ 4359], 90.00th=[ 4424], 95.00th=[ 4424],
     | 99.00th=[ 5080], 99.50th=[ 5538], 99.90th=[ 6063], 99.95th=[ 6063],
     | 99.99th=[ 6325]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=24576, max=126976, per=99.98%, avg=70227.12, stdev=24881.07, samples=60
   iops        : min=   24, max=  124, avg=68.57, stdev=24.30, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 750=0.05%, 1000=7.33%
  lat (msec)   : 2=18.44%, 4=11.58%, 10=51.16%, 20=0.50%, 50=10.07%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.82%, 250=0.05%
  cpu          : usr=0.42%, sys=0.16%, ctx=4034, majf=0, minf=58
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=1965,2058,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10071: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3046, BW=11.9MiB/s (12.5MB/s)(357MiB/30018msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1570, max=429837, avg=3555.76, stdev=2970.47
    clat (nsec): min=1440, max=178827k, avg=241516.67, stdev=2515530.55
     lat (usec): min=15, max=178830, avg=245.07, stdev=2515.53
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    42], 40.00th=[    55], 50.00th=[    76], 60.00th=[    98],
     | 70.00th=[   119], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   176], 95.00th=[   424],
     | 99.00th=[  3556], 99.50th=[  4883], 99.90th=[  9241], 99.95th=[ 49546],
     | 99.99th=[143655]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 1017, max=32952, per=6.29%, avg=12345.93, stdev=9678.45, samples=59
   iops        : min=  254, max= 8238, avg=3086.42, stdev=2419.63, samples=59
  write: IOPS=3037, BW=11.9MiB/s (12.4MB/s)(356MiB/30018msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1640, max=1207.4k, avg=3994.21, stdev=5907.53
    clat (usec): min=456, max=476407, avg=10325.34, stdev=17843.18
     lat (usec): min=467, max=476410, avg=10329.33, stdev=17843.16
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   840],  5.00th=[  1827], 10.00th=[  2540], 20.00th=[  3097],
     | 30.00th=[  3425], 40.00th=[  3687], 50.00th=[  4178], 60.00th=[  5866],
     | 70.00th=[  9241], 80.00th=[ 16057], 90.00th=[ 24249], 95.00th=[ 29492],
     | 99.00th=[ 83362], 99.50th=[109577], 99.90th=[217056], 99.95th=[254804],
     | 99.99th=[471860]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 1052, max=33552, per=6.27%, avg=12310.15, stdev=9574.23, samples=59
   iops        : min=  263, max= 8388, avg=3077.46, stdev=2393.55, samples=59
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.18%, 50=18.65%
  lat (usec)   : 100=11.79%, 250=16.28%, 500=0.76%, 750=0.75%, 1000=0.89%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.75%, 4=21.53%, 10=12.13%, 20=6.69%, 50=6.67%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.62%, 250=0.30%, 500=0.03%
  cpu          : usr=1.66%, sys=5.66%, ctx=153863, majf=0, minf=196
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=91448,91193,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10072: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3031, BW=11.8MiB/s (12.4MB/s)(355MiB/30013msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1560, max=367016, avg=3579.85, stdev=2752.46
    clat (nsec): min=1580, max=208958k, avg=233309.61, stdev=2493142.96
     lat (usec): min=15, max=208960, avg=236.89, stdev=2493.15
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    24],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    43], 40.00th=[    56], 50.00th=[    77], 60.00th=[    98],
     | 70.00th=[   118], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   174], 95.00th=[   359],
     | 99.00th=[  3425], 99.50th=[  4752], 99.90th=[  8848], 99.95th=[ 44827],
     | 99.99th=[135267]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  464, max=31384, per=6.25%, avg=12259.19, stdev=9439.85, samples=59
   iops        : min=  116, max= 7846, avg=3064.75, stdev=2359.98, samples=59
  write: IOPS=3034, BW=11.9MiB/s (12.4MB/s)(356MiB/30013msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1610, max=464827, avg=3982.96, stdev=3082.15
    clat (usec): min=503, max=306627, avg=10353.08, stdev=17265.53
     lat (usec): min=506, max=306630, avg=10357.06, stdev=17265.59
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   898],  5.00th=[  1893], 10.00th=[  2540], 20.00th=[  3130],
     | 30.00th=[  3425], 40.00th=[  3687], 50.00th=[  4228], 60.00th=[  5866],
     | 70.00th=[  9372], 80.00th=[ 15926], 90.00th=[ 23725], 95.00th=[ 28967],
     | 99.00th=[ 87557], 99.50th=[115868], 99.90th=[210764], 99.95th=[238027],
     | 99.99th=[299893]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  504, max=31680, per=6.25%, avg=12276.20, stdev=9490.49, samples=59
   iops        : min=  126, max= 7920, avg=3068.98, stdev=2372.61, samples=59
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.15%, 50=18.22%
  lat (usec)   : 100=12.21%, 250=16.35%, 500=0.75%, 750=0.57%, 1000=0.97%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.62%, 4=21.44%, 10=12.16%, 20=7.02%, 50=6.61%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.53%, 250=0.39%, 500=0.02%
  cpu          : usr=1.68%, sys=5.73%, ctx=153893, majf=0, minf=233
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=90988,91088,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10073: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3070, BW=12.0MiB/s (12.6MB/s)(360MiB/30024msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1510, max=720671, avg=3592.82, stdev=3486.94
    clat (usec): min=2, max=163381, avg=227.52, stdev=2170.89
     lat (usec): min=12, max=163385, avg=231.11, stdev=2170.90
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    42], 40.00th=[    55], 50.00th=[    76], 60.00th=[    97],
     | 70.00th=[   119], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   178], 95.00th=[   420],
     | 99.00th=[  3425], 99.50th=[  4752], 99.90th=[  7898], 99.95th=[ 39584],
     | 99.99th=[121111]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  760, max=34920, per=6.34%, avg=12439.14, stdev=9596.62, samples=59
   iops        : min=  190, max= 8730, avg=3109.71, stdev=2399.18, samples=59
  write: IOPS=3077, BW=12.0MiB/s (12.6MB/s)(361MiB/30024msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1680, max=144002, avg=3956.28, stdev=1959.84
    clat (usec): min=140, max=470982, avg=10165.12, stdev=17686.55
     lat (usec): min=152, max=470986, avg=10169.08, stdev=17686.55
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   832],  5.00th=[  1860], 10.00th=[  2540], 20.00th=[  3130],
     | 30.00th=[  3425], 40.00th=[  3720], 50.00th=[  4359], 60.00th=[  5932],
     | 70.00th=[  9372], 80.00th=[ 15401], 90.00th=[ 23462], 95.00th=[ 29230],
     | 99.00th=[ 70779], 99.50th=[110625], 99.90th=[283116], 99.95th=[312476],
     | 99.99th=[375391]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  768, max=35640, per=6.35%, avg=12463.34, stdev=9581.26, samples=59
   iops        : min=  192, max= 8910, avg=3115.76, stdev=2395.32, samples=59
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.22%, 50=18.52%, 100=11.91%
  lat (usec)   : 250=16.13%, 500=0.81%, 750=0.73%, 1000=0.94%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.64%, 4=20.80%, 10=12.86%, 20=7.37%, 50=6.32%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.41%, 250=0.30%, 500=0.05%
  cpu          : usr=1.72%, sys=5.72%, ctx=155670, majf=0, minf=214
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=92191,92387,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10074: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3095, BW=12.1MiB/s (12.7MB/s)(363MiB/30022msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1550, max=279804, avg=3628.48, stdev=2786.90
    clat (nsec): min=1470, max=213406k, avg=218680.71, stdev=2165822.63
     lat (usec): min=13, max=213409, avg=222.31, stdev=2165.82
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    43], 40.00th=[    57], 50.00th=[    79], 60.00th=[    99],
     | 70.00th=[   119], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   176], 95.00th=[   330],
     | 99.00th=[  3228], 99.50th=[  4490], 99.90th=[  7767], 99.95th=[ 37487],
     | 99.99th=[100140]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  936, max=36416, per=6.39%, avg=12536.36, stdev=10150.03, samples=59
   iops        : min=  234, max= 9104, avg=3134.03, stdev=2537.50, samples=59
  write: IOPS=3087, BW=12.1MiB/s (12.6MB/s)(362MiB/30022msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1650, max=349265, avg=4018.27, stdev=2718.80
    clat (usec): min=122, max=338023, avg=10138.96, stdev=17727.06
     lat (usec): min=137, max=338029, avg=10142.98, stdev=17727.08
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   840],  5.00th=[  1811], 10.00th=[  2474], 20.00th=[  2999],
     | 30.00th=[  3326], 40.00th=[  3621], 50.00th=[  4080], 60.00th=[  5669],
     | 70.00th=[  8979], 80.00th=[ 15664], 90.00th=[ 23462], 95.00th=[ 28705],
     | 99.00th=[ 86508], 99.50th=[131597], 99.90th=[246416], 99.95th=[258999],
     | 99.99th=[337642]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  936, max=35808, per=6.36%, avg=12498.88, stdev=10096.82, samples=59
   iops        : min=  234, max= 8952, avg=3124.68, stdev=2524.20, samples=59
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.17%, 50=18.02%
  lat (usec)   : 100=12.12%, 250=16.69%, 500=0.89%, 750=0.82%, 1000=0.71%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.85%, 4=21.86%, 10=11.81%, 20=6.85%, 50=6.43%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.42%, 250=0.33%, 500=0.04%
  cpu          : usr=1.84%, sys=5.73%, ctx=154863, majf=0, minf=199
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=92927,92679,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10075: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3008, BW=11.8MiB/s (12.3MB/s)(353MiB/30019msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1520, max=16070k, avg=3876.83, stdev=54197.99
    clat (nsec): min=1670, max=207003k, avg=259227.42, stdev=2878904.24
     lat (usec): min=14, max=207007, avg=263.10, stdev=2879.41
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    41], 40.00th=[    53], 50.00th=[    75], 60.00th=[    96],
     | 70.00th=[   118], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   178], 95.00th=[   502],
     | 99.00th=[  3589], 99.50th=[  4817], 99.90th=[ 16319], 99.95th=[ 71828],
     | 99.99th=[149947]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2104, max=34512, per=6.20%, avg=12170.25, stdev=9026.75, samples=59
   iops        : min=  526, max= 8628, avg=3042.51, stdev=2256.68, samples=59
  write: IOPS=3008, BW=11.8MiB/s (12.3MB/s)(353MiB/30019msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1670, max=945885, avg=4066.76, stdev=4013.95
    clat (usec): min=135, max=260194, avg=10373.01, stdev=15619.03
     lat (usec): min=152, max=260198, avg=10377.08, stdev=15619.07
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   783],  5.00th=[  1778], 10.00th=[  2442], 20.00th=[  3130],
     | 30.00th=[  3425], 40.00th=[  3720], 50.00th=[  4228], 60.00th=[  5932],
     | 70.00th=[  9765], 80.00th=[ 16450], 90.00th=[ 24773], 95.00th=[ 30016],
     | 99.00th=[ 86508], 99.50th=[109577], 99.90th=[187696], 99.95th=[191890],
     | 99.99th=[204473]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 2181, max=33632, per=6.20%, avg=12170.88, stdev=9026.25, samples=59
   iops        : min=  545, max= 8408, avg=3042.68, stdev=2256.57, samples=59
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.19%, 50=19.01%
  lat (usec)   : 100=11.78%, 250=15.72%, 500=0.79%, 750=0.88%, 1000=1.14%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.81%, 4=20.91%, 10=11.98%, 20=7.05%, 50=6.77%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.64%, 250=0.33%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=1.79%, sys=5.67%, ctx=151315, majf=0, minf=202
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=90320,90299,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10076: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3146, BW=12.3MiB/s (12.9MB/s)(369MiB/30021msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1550, max=951295, avg=3677.04, stdev=4584.10
    clat (usec): min=2, max=184404, avg=227.61, stdev=2211.12
     lat (usec): min=15, max=184409, avg=231.28, stdev=2211.14
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    43], 40.00th=[    57], 50.00th=[    78], 60.00th=[    98],
     | 70.00th=[   119], 80.00th=[   139], 90.00th=[   180], 95.00th=[   400],
     | 99.00th=[  3523], 99.50th=[  4752], 99.90th=[  8291], 99.95th=[ 39060],
     | 99.99th=[106431]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  759, max=41496, per=6.49%, avg=12736.59, stdev=10262.54, samples=59
   iops        : min=  189, max=10374, avg=3184.07, stdev=2565.64, samples=59
  write: IOPS=3147, BW=12.3MiB/s (12.9MB/s)(369MiB/30021msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1651, max=361926, avg=4058.38, stdev=3002.08
    clat (usec): min=239, max=421038, avg=9942.92, stdev=16702.27
     lat (usec): min=242, max=421042, avg=9946.98, stdev=16702.31
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   840],  5.00th=[  1811], 10.00th=[  2474], 20.00th=[  3064],
     | 30.00th=[  3392], 40.00th=[  3654], 50.00th=[  4113], 60.00th=[  5800],
     | 70.00th=[  9241], 80.00th=[ 15401], 90.00th=[ 23462], 95.00th=[ 28705],
     | 99.00th=[ 79168], 99.50th=[109577], 99.90th=[223347], 99.95th=[299893],
     | 99.99th=[392168]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  836, max=40776, per=6.49%, avg=12745.20, stdev=10277.30, samples=59
   iops        : min=  209, max=10194, avg=3186.24, stdev=2569.31, samples=59
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.21%, 50=18.03%, 100=12.20%
  lat (usec)   : 250=16.30%, 500=0.92%, 750=0.72%, 1000=1.15%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.67%, 4=21.65%, 10=11.86%, 20=7.14%, 50=6.48%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.36%, 250=0.29%, 500=0.03%
  cpu          : usr=1.68%, sys=6.03%, ctx=157094, majf=0, minf=221
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=94447,94493,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10077: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=2984, BW=11.7MiB/s (12.2MB/s)(350MiB/30022msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1570, max=1018.2k, avg=3976.22, stdev=7083.71
    clat (nsec): min=340, max=176103k, avg=227333.45, stdev=2213288.93
     lat (usec): min=13, max=176106, avg=231.31, stdev=2213.28
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    43], 40.00th=[    57], 50.00th=[    80], 60.00th=[   103],
     | 70.00th=[   123], 80.00th=[   143], 90.00th=[   192], 95.00th=[   416],
     | 99.00th=[  3392], 99.50th=[  4752], 99.90th=[  8029], 99.95th=[ 29492],
     | 99.99th=[111674]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  768, max=33384, per=6.16%, avg=12083.69, stdev=9539.63, samples=59
   iops        : min=  192, max= 8346, avg=3020.86, stdev=2384.88, samples=59
  write: IOPS=3012, BW=11.8MiB/s (12.3MB/s)(353MiB/30022msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1690, max=1364.9k, avg=4377.88, stdev=7942.42
    clat (usec): min=125, max=437673, avg=10426.76, stdev=18831.17
     lat (usec): min=129, max=437675, avg=10431.13, stdev=18831.14
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   791],  5.00th=[  1778], 10.00th=[  2540], 20.00th=[  3097],
     | 30.00th=[  3392], 40.00th=[  3654], 50.00th=[  4146], 60.00th=[  5866],
     | 70.00th=[  9634], 80.00th=[ 16188], 90.00th=[ 23725], 95.00th=[ 29230],
     | 99.00th=[ 87557], 99.50th=[115868], 99.90th=[244319], 99.95th=[287310],
     | 99.99th=[421528]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  888, max=34544, per=6.21%, avg=12193.69, stdev=9502.57, samples=59
   iops        : min=  222, max= 8636, avg=3048.34, stdev=2375.61, samples=59
  lat (nsec)   : 500=0.01%, 750=0.01%, 1000=0.01%
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.22%, 50=17.90%, 100=11.16%
  lat (usec)   : 250=17.04%, 500=1.13%, 750=0.89%, 1000=1.17%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.39%, 4=21.88%, 10=11.46%, 20=7.35%, 50=6.57%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.53%, 250=0.28%, 500=0.04%
  cpu          : usr=2.06%, sys=5.70%, ctx=147518, majf=0, minf=270
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=89589,90451,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10078: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3004, BW=11.7MiB/s (12.3MB/s)(352MiB/30021msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1580, max=290755, avg=3590.56, stdev=2251.93
    clat (nsec): min=1520, max=175621k, avg=239898.72, stdev=2548917.28
     lat (usec): min=11, max=175623, avg=243.49, stdev=2548.92
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    42], 40.00th=[    56], 50.00th=[    77], 60.00th=[    99],
     | 70.00th=[   119], 80.00th=[   139], 90.00th=[   178], 95.00th=[   379],
     | 99.00th=[  3294], 99.50th=[  4752], 99.90th=[  8979], 99.95th=[ 67634],
     | 99.99th=[115868]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  176, max=31600, per=6.19%, avg=12151.27, stdev=9370.32, samples=59
   iops        : min=   44, max= 7900, avg=3037.78, stdev=2342.60, samples=59
  write: IOPS=2988, BW=11.7MiB/s (12.2MB/s)(351MiB/30021msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1640, max=407847, avg=3978.44, stdev=2866.08
    clat (usec): min=412, max=796411, avg=10459.33, stdev=18571.16
     lat (usec): min=417, max=796415, avg=10463.31, stdev=18571.18
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   930],  5.00th=[  1991], 10.00th=[  2638], 20.00th=[  3163],
     | 30.00th=[  3490], 40.00th=[  3752], 50.00th=[  4490], 60.00th=[  6194],
     | 70.00th=[  9634], 80.00th=[ 16581], 90.00th=[ 24249], 95.00th=[ 30016],
     | 99.00th=[ 83362], 99.50th=[101188], 99.90th=[170918], 99.95th=[250610],
     | 99.99th=[650118]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  144, max=31152, per=6.16%, avg=12090.93, stdev=9244.00, samples=59
   iops        : min=   36, max= 7788, avg=3022.68, stdev=2311.02, samples=59
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.15%, 50=18.50%
  lat (usec)   : 100=11.78%, 250=16.52%, 500=0.84%, 750=0.67%, 1000=0.83%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.49%, 4=20.66%, 10=12.92%, 20=6.91%, 50=6.83%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.64%, 250=0.25%, 500=0.01%, 750=0.02%, 1000=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=1.82%, sys=5.57%, ctx=151982, majf=0, minf=209
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=90184,89728,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10079: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3062, BW=12.0MiB/s (12.5MB/s)(359MiB/30022msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1600, max=329665, avg=3646.07, stdev=2914.92
    clat (nsec): min=430, max=169477k, avg=230869.27, stdev=2264721.00
     lat (usec): min=13, max=169479, avg=234.52, stdev=2264.73
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    42], 40.00th=[    55], 50.00th=[    75], 60.00th=[    97],
     | 70.00th=[   119], 80.00th=[   139], 90.00th=[   182], 95.00th=[   429],
     | 99.00th=[  3392], 99.50th=[  4621], 99.90th=[  8717], 99.95th=[ 55837],
     | 99.99th=[102237]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  848, max=36968, per=6.32%, avg=12400.14, stdev=9724.70, samples=59
   iops        : min=  212, max= 9242, avg=3099.98, stdev=2431.17, samples=59
  write: IOPS=3069, BW=12.0MiB/s (12.6MB/s)(360MiB/30022msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1680, max=584909, avg=4033.73, stdev=3960.38
    clat (usec): min=121, max=433551, avg=10186.81, stdev=16747.21
     lat (usec): min=124, max=433553, avg=10190.84, stdev=16747.20
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   807],  5.00th=[  1582], 10.00th=[  2409], 20.00th=[  3064],
     | 30.00th=[  3425], 40.00th=[  3720], 50.00th=[  4359], 60.00th=[  5866],
     | 70.00th=[  9241], 80.00th=[ 15533], 90.00th=[ 23725], 95.00th=[ 29754],
     | 99.00th=[ 92799], 99.50th=[108528], 99.90th=[210764], 99.95th=[217056],
     | 99.99th=[346031]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  960, max=37088, per=6.33%, avg=12422.08, stdev=9683.46, samples=59
   iops        : min=  240, max= 9272, avg=3105.46, stdev=2420.87, samples=59
  lat (nsec)   : 500=0.01%, 750=0.01%, 1000=0.01%
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.21%, 50=18.62%
  lat (usec)   : 100=11.91%, 250=15.94%, 500=0.89%, 750=0.83%, 1000=1.20%
  lat (msec)   : 2=3.08%, 4=20.18%, 10=12.81%, 20=7.05%, 50=6.46%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.45%, 250=0.38%, 500=0.02%
  cpu          : usr=1.78%, sys=5.72%, ctx=153959, majf=0, minf=204
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=91942,92149,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10080: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3102, BW=12.1MiB/s (12.7MB/s)(364MiB/30016msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1600, max=262064, avg=3580.24, stdev=2585.16
    clat (nsec): min=1620, max=199242k, avg=215830.19, stdev=2264817.86
     lat (usec): min=12, max=199245, avg=219.41, stdev=2264.83
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    41], 40.00th=[    55], 50.00th=[    77], 60.00th=[    98],
     | 70.00th=[   118], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   169], 95.00th=[   285],
     | 99.00th=[  3097], 99.50th=[  4424], 99.90th=[  8291], 99.95th=[ 48497],
     | 99.99th=[121111]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  352, max=31096, per=6.40%, avg=12558.05, stdev=9711.34, samples=59
   iops        : min=   88, max= 7772, avg=3139.44, stdev=2427.79, samples=59
  write: IOPS=3120, BW=12.2MiB/s (12.8MB/s)(366MiB/30016msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1680, max=712001, avg=3966.04, stdev=3678.05
    clat (usec): min=325, max=568463, avg=10083.76, stdev=18104.04
     lat (usec): min=343, max=568467, avg=10087.73, stdev=18104.05
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   832],  5.00th=[  2024], 10.00th=[  2606], 20.00th=[  3130],
     | 30.00th=[  3425], 40.00th=[  3687], 50.00th=[  4293], 60.00th=[  5866],
     | 70.00th=[  8979], 80.00th=[ 15270], 90.00th=[ 23725], 95.00th=[ 28705],
     | 99.00th=[ 76022], 99.50th=[124257], 99.90th=[250610], 99.95th=[283116],
     | 99.99th=[392168]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  432, max=31864, per=6.43%, avg=12632.24, stdev=9751.56, samples=59
   iops        : min=  108, max= 7966, avg=3158.02, stdev=2437.91, samples=59
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.19%, 50=18.56%
  lat (usec)   : 100=11.81%, 250=16.50%, 500=0.77%, 750=0.72%, 1000=0.89%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.10%, 4=21.45%, 10=13.22%, 20=6.70%, 50=6.44%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.27%, 250=0.36%, 500=0.05%, 750=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=1.86%, sys=5.69%, ctx=157189, majf=0, minf=212
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=93128,93665,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10081: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3104, BW=12.1MiB/s (12.7MB/s)(364MiB/30016msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1580, max=1091.1k, avg=3783.54, stdev=4968.12
    clat (nsec): min=1450, max=210604k, avg=236339.18, stdev=2712466.98
     lat (usec): min=13, max=210608, avg=240.12, stdev=2712.47
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    42], 40.00th=[    55], 50.00th=[    76], 60.00th=[    97],
     | 70.00th=[   119], 80.00th=[   139], 90.00th=[   176], 95.00th=[   351],
     | 99.00th=[  3261], 99.50th=[  4752], 99.90th=[  8586], 99.95th=[ 64750],
     | 99.99th=[158335]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  168, max=37824, per=6.33%, avg=12429.78, stdev=10047.26, samples=60
   iops        : min=   42, max= 9456, avg=3107.37, stdev=2511.81, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3116, BW=12.2MiB/s (12.8MB/s)(366MiB/30016msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1680, max=4203.3k, avg=4183.20, stdev=13946.60
    clat (usec): min=141, max=477210, avg=10049.70, stdev=17242.74
     lat (usec): min=146, max=477213, avg=10053.89, stdev=17242.77
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   816],  5.00th=[  1762], 10.00th=[  2474], 20.00th=[  3097],
     | 30.00th=[  3425], 40.00th=[  3687], 50.00th=[  4228], 60.00th=[  5604],
     | 70.00th=[  8848], 80.00th=[ 16057], 90.00th=[ 23725], 95.00th=[ 28967],
     | 99.00th=[ 72877], 99.50th=[109577], 99.90th=[227541], 99.95th=[283116],
     | 99.99th=[467665]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  304, max=37232, per=6.35%, avg=12476.97, stdev=10032.99, samples=60
   iops        : min=   76, max= 9308, avg=3119.17, stdev=2508.25, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.02%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.19%, 50=18.49%
  lat (usec)   : 100=11.92%, 250=16.23%, 500=0.81%, 750=0.75%, 1000=1.10%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.68%, 4=20.85%, 10=12.87%, 20=6.84%, 50=6.48%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.47%, 250=0.30%, 500=0.03%
  cpu          : usr=1.83%, sys=5.99%, ctx=155939, majf=0, minf=194
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=93193,93548,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10082: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3094, BW=12.1MiB/s (12.7MB/s)(363MiB/30010msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1600, max=181343, avg=3589.54, stdev=2340.94
    clat (nsec): min=1820, max=195093k, avg=230946.33, stdev=2498920.08
     lat (usec): min=14, max=195096, avg=234.54, stdev=2498.92
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    35],
     | 30.00th=[    41], 40.00th=[    53], 50.00th=[    74], 60.00th=[    95],
     | 70.00th=[   117], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   176], 95.00th=[   396],
     | 99.00th=[  3359], 99.50th=[  4621], 99.90th=[  8029], 99.95th=[ 43779],
     | 99.99th=[141558]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 1432, max=31528, per=6.31%, avg=12386.85, stdev=9527.98, samples=60
   iops        : min=  358, max= 7882, avg=3096.63, stdev=2382.03, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3111, BW=12.2MiB/s (12.7MB/s)(365MiB/30010msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1670, max=1021.9k, avg=3989.15, stdev=4439.60
    clat (usec): min=184, max=230150, avg=10076.88, stdev=15261.92
     lat (usec): min=187, max=230152, avg=10080.86, stdev=15261.98
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   807],  5.00th=[  1713], 10.00th=[  2507], 20.00th=[  3097],
     | 30.00th=[  3425], 40.00th=[  3752], 50.00th=[  4359], 60.00th=[  5997],
     | 70.00th=[  9241], 80.00th=[ 15795], 90.00th=[ 24249], 95.00th=[ 29230],
     | 99.00th=[ 71828], 99.50th=[111674], 99.90th=[187696], 99.95th=[202376],
     | 99.99th=[221250]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 1352, max=31760, per=6.34%, avg=12458.10, stdev=9601.12, samples=60
   iops        : min=  338, max= 7940, avg=3114.45, stdev=2400.30, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.21%, 50=19.01%
  lat (usec)   : 100=11.78%, 250=15.69%, 500=0.82%, 750=0.82%, 1000=1.06%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.79%, 4=20.24%, 10=13.14%, 20=7.03%, 50=6.63%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.49%, 250=0.31%
  cpu          : usr=1.84%, sys=5.72%, ctx=156355, majf=0, minf=204
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=92876,93379,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10083: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3098, BW=12.1MiB/s (12.7MB/s)(363MiB/30011msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1560, max=1787.0k, avg=3680.72, stdev=8283.09
    clat (nsec): min=1730, max=169512k, avg=234237.21, stdev=2421427.89
     lat (usec): min=13, max=169515, avg=237.92, stdev=2421.45
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    42], 40.00th=[    56], 50.00th=[    77], 60.00th=[    98],
     | 70.00th=[   119], 80.00th=[   139], 90.00th=[   178], 95.00th=[   379],
     | 99.00th=[  3392], 99.50th=[  4621], 99.90th=[ 11731], 99.95th=[ 64226],
     | 99.99th=[112722]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  424, max=34080, per=6.32%, avg=12402.65, stdev=9735.09, samples=60
   iops        : min=  106, max= 8520, avg=3100.58, stdev=2433.78, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3101, BW=12.1MiB/s (12.7MB/s)(364MiB/30011msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1680, max=638940, avg=4036.88, stdev=3094.42
    clat (usec): min=191, max=424508, avg=10107.67, stdev=17103.14
     lat (usec): min=204, max=424511, avg=10111.71, stdev=17103.16
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   832],  5.00th=[  1876], 10.00th=[  2540], 20.00th=[  3097],
     | 30.00th=[  3425], 40.00th=[  3687], 50.00th=[  4359], 60.00th=[  5997],
     | 70.00th=[  9372], 80.00th=[ 15795], 90.00th=[ 23462], 95.00th=[ 28443],
     | 99.00th=[ 74974], 99.50th=[115868], 99.90th=[217056], 99.95th=[325059],
     | 99.99th=[350225]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  624, max=34208, per=6.32%, avg=12417.30, stdev=9801.97, samples=60
   iops        : min=  156, max= 8552, avg=3104.25, stdev=2450.51, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.19%, 50=18.39%
  lat (usec)   : 100=11.84%, 250=16.39%, 500=0.85%, 750=0.83%, 1000=0.90%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.62%, 4=21.06%, 10=12.46%, 20=7.22%, 50=6.52%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.35%, 250=0.33%, 500=0.05%
  cpu          : usr=1.80%, sys=5.84%, ctx=156120, majf=0, minf=188
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=92995,93074,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10084: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3053, BW=11.9MiB/s (12.5MB/s)(358MiB/30059msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1590, max=494338, avg=3574.64, stdev=2635.02
    clat (nsec): min=840, max=202994k, avg=237713.23, stdev=2677589.42
     lat (usec): min=14, max=202997, avg=241.29, stdev=2677.59
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    24],  5.00th=[    29], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    43], 40.00th=[    59], 50.00th=[    80], 60.00th=[   100],
     | 70.00th=[   119], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   174], 95.00th=[   359],
     | 99.00th=[  3228], 99.50th=[  4686], 99.90th=[  8586], 99.95th=[ 62653],
     | 99.99th=[147850]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  708, max=32576, per=6.24%, avg=12239.80, stdev=9711.18, samples=60
   iops        : min=  177, max= 8144, avg=3059.87, stdev=2427.76, samples=60
  write: IOPS=3051, BW=11.9MiB/s (12.5MB/s)(358MiB/30059msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1671, max=182953, avg=3989.66, stdev=2357.00
    clat (usec): min=147, max=462166, avg=10261.74, stdev=17283.61
     lat (usec): min=185, max=462171, avg=10265.73, stdev=17283.63
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   906],  5.00th=[  2040], 10.00th=[  2606], 20.00th=[  3130],
     | 30.00th=[  3425], 40.00th=[  3720], 50.00th=[  4293], 60.00th=[  5669],
     | 70.00th=[  9110], 80.00th=[ 15664], 90.00th=[ 23987], 95.00th=[ 30016],
     | 99.00th=[ 87557], 99.50th=[105382], 99.90th=[198181], 99.95th=[295699],
     | 99.99th=[383779]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  708, max=34400, per=6.23%, avg=12232.02, stdev=9745.56, samples=60
   iops        : min=  177, max= 8600, avg=3057.95, stdev=2436.40, samples=60
  lat (nsec)   : 1000=0.01%
  lat (usec)   : 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.16%, 50=17.68%, 100=12.22%
  lat (usec)   : 250=16.94%, 500=0.72%, 750=0.74%, 1000=0.75%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.34%, 4=21.64%, 10=12.65%, 20=6.89%, 50=6.38%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.56%, 250=0.30%, 500=0.04%
  cpu          : usr=1.64%, sys=5.84%, ctx=155528, majf=0, minf=269
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=91771,91711,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10085: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3177, BW=12.4MiB/s (13.0MB/s)(373MiB/30018msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1570, max=411806, avg=3570.76, stdev=3852.90
    clat (nsec): min=1490, max=202991k, avg=250574.77, stdev=2819963.24
     lat (usec): min=13, max=202992, avg=254.15, stdev=2819.98
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    42], 40.00th=[    56], 50.00th=[    76], 60.00th=[    97],
     | 70.00th=[   118], 80.00th=[   137], 90.00th=[   178], 95.00th=[   445],
     | 99.00th=[  3359], 99.50th=[  4686], 99.90th=[ 11994], 99.95th=[ 76022],
     | 99.99th=[147850]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 1203, max=34440, per=6.56%, avg=12868.07, stdev=10200.23, samples=59
   iops        : min=  300, max= 8610, avg=3216.97, stdev=2550.07, samples=59
  write: IOPS=3141, BW=12.3MiB/s (12.9MB/s)(368MiB/30018msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1630, max=731901, avg=3921.89, stdev=3585.22
    clat (usec): min=256, max=252867, avg=9924.83, stdev=15631.58
     lat (usec): min=267, max=252871, avg=9928.75, stdev=15631.64
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   832],  5.00th=[  1745], 10.00th=[  2442], 20.00th=[  3064],
     | 30.00th=[  3425], 40.00th=[  3687], 50.00th=[  4228], 60.00th=[  5604],
     | 70.00th=[  8586], 80.00th=[ 15008], 90.00th=[ 23725], 95.00th=[ 28967],
     | 99.00th=[ 82314], 99.50th=[113771], 99.90th=[181404], 99.95th=[210764],
     | 99.99th=[248513]
   bw (  KiB/s): min= 1106, max=32952, per=6.48%, avg=12719.07, stdev=9995.43, samples=59
   iops        : min=  276, max= 8238, avg=3179.71, stdev=2498.82, samples=59
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.03%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.22%, 50=18.44%
  lat (usec)   : 100=12.28%, 250=15.99%, 500=0.90%, 750=0.80%, 1000=1.14%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.81%, 4=20.92%, 10=12.88%, 20=6.36%, 50=6.39%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.48%, 250=0.39%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=1.68%, sys=5.83%, ctx=158675, majf=0, minf=202
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=95376,94300,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q32T16: (groupid=2, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10086: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=3053, BW=11.9MiB/s (12.5MB/s)(358MiB/30018msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1590, max=527348, avg=4114.97, stdev=5917.49
    clat (nsec): min=310, max=196648k, avg=238123.26, stdev=2541195.34
     lat (usec): min=13, max=196652, avg=242.24, stdev=2541.19
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[    23],  5.00th=[    28], 10.00th=[    31], 20.00th=[    36],
     | 30.00th=[    43], 40.00th=[    57], 50.00th=[    78], 60.00th=[   100],
     | 70.00th=[   122], 80.00th=[   143], 90.00th=[   196], 95.00th=[   453],
     | 99.00th=[  3228], 99.50th=[  4490], 99.90th=[  8848], 99.95th=[ 58459],
     | 99.99th=[127402]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  905, max=34808, per=6.29%, avg=12352.24, stdev=10047.64, samples=59
   iops        : min=  226, max= 8702, avg=3087.98, stdev=2511.89, samples=59
  write: IOPS=3038, BW=11.9MiB/s (12.4MB/s)(356MiB/30018msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=1670, max=796562, avg=4554.34, stdev=7018.03
    clat (usec): min=177, max=337480, avg=10282.46, stdev=18093.87
     lat (usec): min=180, max=337484, avg=10287.02, stdev=18093.89
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   832],  5.00th=[  1696], 10.00th=[  2474], 20.00th=[  3097],
     | 30.00th=[  3392], 40.00th=[  3687], 50.00th=[  4359], 60.00th=[  5866],
     | 70.00th=[  9110], 80.00th=[ 15664], 90.00th=[ 23725], 95.00th=[ 28967],
     | 99.00th=[ 93848], 99.50th=[132645], 99.90th=[227541], 99.95th=[299893],
     | 99.99th=[337642]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  720, max=34560, per=6.26%, avg=12291.05, stdev=9907.14, samples=59
   iops        : min=  180, max= 8640, avg=3072.69, stdev=2476.80, samples=59
  lat (nsec)   : 500=0.01%, 750=0.01%, 1000=0.01%
  lat (usec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.19%, 50=18.01%
  lat (usec)   : 100=11.78%, 250=16.48%, 500=1.24%, 750=0.83%, 1000=1.13%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.98%, 4=20.53%, 10=12.60%, 20=7.08%, 50=6.31%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.41%, 250=0.38%, 500=0.04%
  cpu          : usr=2.12%, sys=5.97%, ctx=148840, majf=0, minf=213
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=91651,91209,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32
RND4K_Q1T1: (groupid=3, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=10644: Fri Sep 25 19:39:33 2026
  read: IOPS=536, BW=2146KiB/s (2197kB/s)(62.9MiB/30001msec)
    slat (nsec): min=1830, max=20161, avg=3244.62, stdev=1404.85
    clat (usec): min=19, max=81860, avg=926.67, stdev=4032.14
     lat (usec): min=21, max=81863, avg=929.91, stdev=4032.18
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   26],  5.00th=[   31], 10.00th=[   34], 20.00th=[   43],
     | 30.00th=[  482], 40.00th=[  515], 50.00th=[  562], 60.00th=[  586],
     | 70.00th=[  685], 80.00th=[  725], 90.00th=[  758], 95.00th=[  922],
     | 99.00th=[20579], 99.50th=[37487], 99.90th=[49021], 99.95th=[65274],
     | 99.99th=[76022]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  496, max= 3302, per=100.00%, avg=2146.52, stdev=510.20, samples=60
   iops        : min=  124, max=  825, avg=536.57, stdev=127.57, samples=60
  write: IOPS=543, BW=2174KiB/s (2226kB/s)(63.7MiB/30001msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=2130, max=24011, avg=3507.51, stdev=1504.30
    clat (usec): min=26, max=90810, avg=915.79, stdev=4046.45
     lat (usec): min=28, max=90813, avg=919.29, stdev=4046.45
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[   33],  5.00th=[   38], 10.00th=[   42], 20.00th=[   59],
     | 30.00th=[  478], 40.00th=[  506], 50.00th=[  553], 60.00th=[  578],
     | 70.00th=[  676], 80.00th=[  717], 90.00th=[  750], 95.00th=[  898],
     | 99.00th=[ 8291], 99.50th=[38536], 99.90th=[47973], 99.95th=[53740],
     | 99.99th=[86508]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=  504, max= 3358, per=100.00%, avg=2174.03, stdev=539.05, samples=60
   iops        : min=  126, max=  839, avg=543.45, stdev=134.76, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 20=0.01%, 50=19.30%, 100=2.29%, 250=0.03%, 500=15.61%
  lat (usec)   : 750=52.33%, 1000=5.99%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.41%, 4=0.77%, 10=0.26%, 20=0.03%, 50=0.89%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.09%
  cpu          : usr=0.37%, sys=1.23%, ctx=32401, majf=0, minf=169
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=16095,16302,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=235MiB/s (246MB/s), 235MiB/s-235MiB/s (246MB/s-246MB/s), io=7050MiB (7392MB), run=30029-30029msec
  WRITE: bw=235MiB/s (247MB/s), 235MiB/s-235MiB/s (247MB/s-247MB/s), io=7066MiB (7409MB), run=30029-30029msec

Run status group 1 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=65.5MiB/s (68.7MB/s), 65.5MiB/s-65.5MiB/s (68.7MB/s-68.7MB/s), io=1965MiB (2060MB), run=30002-30002msec
  WRITE: bw=68.6MiB/s (71.9MB/s), 68.6MiB/s-68.6MiB/s (71.9MB/s-71.9MB/s), io=2058MiB (2158MB), run=30002-30002msec

Run status group 2 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=192MiB/s (201MB/s), 11.7MiB/s-12.4MiB/s (12.2MB/s-13.0MB/s), io=5762MiB (6042MB), run=30010-30059msec
  WRITE: bw=192MiB/s (201MB/s), 11.7MiB/s-12.3MiB/s (12.2MB/s-12.9MB/s), io=5765MiB (6045MB), run=30010-30059msec

Run status group 3 (all jobs):
   READ: bw=2146KiB/s (2197kB/s), 2146KiB/s-2146KiB/s (2197kB/s-2197kB/s), io=62.9MiB (65.9MB), run=30001-30001msec
  WRITE: bw=2174KiB/s (2226kB/s), 2174KiB/s-2174KiB/s (2226kB/s-2226kB/s), io=63.7MiB (66.8MB), run=30001-30001msec
 

luckylinux

Well-Known Member
Mar 18, 2012
1,820
607
113
Trying a single test at the Time now shows much better Results:

Code:
fio --time_based --runtime=30 --ramp_time=5 --ioengine=io_uring \
--size=4G --filename=/seq_test.fio \
--name=PURE_SEQ --bs=1m --rw=write --iodepth=8 --numjobs=1
PURE_SEQ: (g=0): rw=write, bs=(R) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (W) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (T) 1024KiB-1024KiB, ioengine=io_uring, iodepth=8
fio-3.39
Starting 1 process
PURE_SEQ: Laying out IO file (1 file / 4096MiB)
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W(1)][100.0%][w=1291MiB/s][w=1291 IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
PURE_SEQ: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=34627: Fri Sep 25 20:02:03 2026
  write: IOPS=1454, BW=1455MiB/s (1525MB/s)(42.6GiB/30009msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=18, max=1705, avg=33.86, stdev=12.23
    clat (usec): min=591, max=51276, avg=5457.70, stdev=1945.79
     lat (usec): min=645, max=51313, avg=5491.56, stdev=1945.76
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 3916],  5.00th=[ 4228], 10.00th=[ 4359], 20.00th=[ 4555],
     | 30.00th=[ 4752], 40.00th=[ 4948], 50.00th=[ 5145], 60.00th=[ 5407],
     | 70.00th=[ 5735], 80.00th=[ 6128], 90.00th=[ 6718], 95.00th=[ 7242],
     | 99.00th=[ 8225], 99.50th=[11338], 99.90th=[35914], 99.95th=[39060],
     | 99.99th=[46400]
   bw (  MiB/s): min=  946, max= 1894, per=100.00%, avg=1455.07, stdev=222.33, samples=60
   iops        : min=  946, max= 1894, avg=1455.02, stdev=222.35, samples=60
  lat (usec)   : 750=0.01%, 1000=0.01%
  lat (msec)   : 2=0.03%, 4=2.16%, 10=97.26%, 20=0.21%, 50=0.35%
  lat (msec)   : 100=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=5.29%, sys=2.46%, ctx=43664, majf=0, minf=55
  IO depths    : 1=0.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=100.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=0,43642,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=8

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
  WRITE: bw=1455MiB/s (1525MB/s), 1455MiB/s-1455MiB/s (1525MB/s-1525MB/s), io=42.6GiB (45.8GB), run=30009-30009msec
The biggest Performance Difference is due to the different fio Command.

I also added this to /etc/crypttab for each Drive though:
Code:
no-read-workqueue,no-write-workqueue
 

nexox

Well-Known Member
May 3, 2023
2,087
1,060
113
Trying a single test at the Time now shows much better Results:
I know this thread is pretty loose on topicality, but you'd probably get more assistance if you make a new thread for your NVMe performance stuff.

And you'd avoid making me briefly optimistic that there's actually a viable SSD deal every time I get a notification for this thread...
 

luckylinux

Well-Known Member
Mar 18, 2012
1,820
607
113

nexox

Well-Known Member
May 3, 2023
2,087
1,060
113
I bought a few M.2 SATA SSDs earlier this year because I needed boot disks for a bunch of servers and for ~$8/ea for 128gb...eh. It is what it is.
Fortunately I'm set on SATA boot drives thanks to a sysadmin from a prior job trading a case of beer for a pile of s3700s from decommissioned servers.

Real hardware prices are just too out of line with how much I need more real hardware, so now I'm collecting the cheapest SBCs and related storage, was pretty happy to open what I thought was a lot of 4GB MLC micro SD cards to find out they were 8GB pSLC rated for 150TBW, not bad for $3 each.
 
Last edited:
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Fritz

Well-Known Member
Apr 6, 2015
3,820
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72
I had it out with a thieving eBay seller with a listing like this. The picture did not match the description. Tried to settle it directly with the seller but he was an asshole so I opened a case with eBay, the seller disputed it. eBay sided with me and refunded my money. Not faulting eBay but it's a den of thieves these days.
 
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Wasmachineman_NL

Wittgenstein the Supercomputer FTW!
Aug 7, 2019
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I had it out with a thieving eBay seller with a listing like this. The picture did not match the description. Tried to settle it directly with the seller but he was an asshole so I opened a case with eBay, the seller disputed it. eBay sided with me and refunded my money. Not faulting eBay but it's a den of thieves these days.
eBay has been full of scum for years at this point though, both buyers and sellers.
 
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