PassMark MemTest86 - Memory Diagnostic Tool - ECC Technical Details currently comments that on-die ECC in DDR5 is self-contained, internal to the module, and completely opaque to the outside:
On-die ECC
On-die ECC is a new scheme introduced for DDR5 memory which is completely self-contained in the DDR5 memory module.
On-die ECC, unlike the above schemes, does not provide end-to-end protection. The purpose of On-die ECC is to protect the integrity of data stored in the memory cells of DRAM arrays; it does not detect or prevent errors that occur during transmission between the memory controller and the memory module. All ECC detection and correction is performed internally within DRAM memory cells; it is completely invisible to the CPU and memory controller.
To provide full end-to-end protection, On-die ECC would need to be used in conjuction with Side-band ECC.
So DDR5 modules that are reporting ECC are performing variants of side-band ECC or Link ECC
Link ECC
Link ECC is another new scheme introduced for LPDDR5 memory to augment end-to-end protection for systems with hardware constraints.
Link ECC, by itself, does not provide end-to-end protection; it provides protection for errors that occur during transmission on the channel between the memory controller and the DRAM.
On write operations, the memory controller generates and sends the ECC code along with the write data to the DRAM module. The DRAM module receives the write data, generates its own ECC code and verifies whether it matches with the ECC code sent by the memory controller. If necessary, single-bit errors are corrected accordingly.
In contrast to the other schemes, Link ECC does not detect or prevent errors while being stored in DRAM cells. To provide full end-to-end protection, Link ECC would need to be used in conjuction with Inline ECC to provide full end-to-end protection.
What is unclear is how all of this is reported at the operating system level. This document points out that many of the details depend on the CPU (imbedded memory controller).